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The Karoo and Ferrar large igneous provinces (LIPs), in Southern Africa and Antarctica respectively, collectively known as the Karoo-Ferrar, Gondwana, [1] or Southeast African LIP, [2] are associated with the initial break-up of the Gondwana supercontinent at c..
Gondwana (/ ɡ ɒ n d ˈ w ɑː n ə /) [1] was a large landmass, sometimes referred to as a supercontinent. The remnants of Gondwana make up around two-thirds of today's continental area, including South America, Africa, Antarctica, Australia, Zealandia, Arabia, and the Indian Subcontinent.
African cycle: The break-up of Gondwana was accompanied by an eastward tilting of western South Africa and Namibia during the Late Cretaceous. [8] The ensuring erosion cycle that begun with the Mesozoic rifting and uplift of Gondwana ended in the Miocene , albeit judging from offshore sediments erosion was minimal already in the Oligocene ...
The Gondwana supercontinent began to break up in the Middle Jurassic, about 167 million years ago. At that time, East Gondwana, comprising Antarctica, Madagascar, India, and Australia, began to separate from Africa. East Gondwana then began to separate about 115–120 million years ago when India began to move northward. [5]
The Indian subcontinent was formerly part of Gondwana, a supercontinent formed during the late Neoproterozoic and early Paleozoic. [7] Gondwana began to break up during the Mesozoic , with Insular India separating from Antarctica 130–120 million years ago [ 36 ] and Madagascar around 90 million years ago, [ 37 ] during the Cretaceous .
At this time East Gondwana, comprising the Antarctic, Madagascar, Indian, and Australian plates, began to separate from the African plate. East Gondwana then began to break apart about 115–120 million years ago when India began to move northward. [1] Between 84 and 95 million years ago rifting separated Seychelles and India from Madagascar.
As the break-up of Gondwana began in the south, the opening of the Indian Ocean initiated the closure of the Neo-Tethys. [ 1 ] Cimmeria was an ancient continent , or, rather, a string of microcontinents or terranes , [ 3 ] that rifted from Gondwana in the Southern Hemisphere and was accreted to Eurasia in the Northern Hemisphere .
Insular India was an isolated landmass which became the Indian subcontinent.Across the latter stages of the Cretaceous and most of the Paleocene, following the breakup of Gondwana, the Indian subcontinent remained an isolated landmass as the Indian Plate drifted across the Tethys Ocean, forming the Indian Ocean.