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Redox (/ ˈrɛdɒks / RED-oks, / ˈriːdɒks / REE-doks, reduction–oxidation[2] or oxidation–reduction[3]: 150 ) is a type of chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of the reactants change. [4] Oxidation is the loss of electrons or an increase in the oxidation state, while reduction is the gain of electrons or a decrease in the ...
For example, an enzyme that catalyzed this reaction would be an oxidoreductase: A – + B → A + B – In this example, A is the reductant (electron donor) and B is the oxidant (electron acceptor). In biochemical reactions, the redox reactions are sometimes more difficult to see, such as this reaction from glycolysis:
In aqueous solutions, redox potential is a measure of the tendency of the solution to either gain or lose electrons in a reaction. A solution with a higher (more positive) reduction potential than some other molecule will have a tendency to gain electrons from this molecule (i.e. to be reduced by oxidizing this other molecule) and a solution with a lower (more negative) reduction potential ...
A redox gradient is a series of reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions sorted according to redox potential. [4][5] The redox ladder displays the order in which redox reactions occur based on the free energy gained from redox pairs. [4][5][6] These redox gradients form both spatially and temporally as a result of differences in microbial ...
The redox reactions of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. The compound accepts or donates the equivalent of H −. [6] Such reactions (summarized in formula below) involve the removal of two hydrogen atoms from the reactant (R), in the form of a hydride ion (H −), and a proton (H +).
In outer sphere redox reactions no bonds are formed or broken; only an electron transfer (ET) takes place. A quite simple example is the Fe 2+ /Fe 3+ redox reaction, the self exchange reaction which is known to be always occurring in an aqueous solution containing the aquo complexes [Fe(H 2 O) 6] 2+ and [Fe(H 2 O)6] 3+.
Oxidation state. In chemistry, the oxidation state, or oxidation number, is the hypothetical charge of an atom if all of its bonds to other atoms were fully ionic. It describes the degree of oxidation (loss of electrons) of an atom in a chemical compound. Conceptually, the oxidation state may be positive, negative or zero.
Organic redox reaction. Stephen aldehyde synthesis, a named reaction in chemistry, was invented by Henry Stephen (OBE / MBE). This reaction involves the preparation of aldehydes (R-CHO) from nitriles (R-CN) using tin (II) chloride (SnCl 2), hydrochloric acid (HCl) and quenching the resulting iminium salt ( [R-CH=NH 2] + Cl −) with water (H 2 ...