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The main products of the beta oxidation pathway are acetyl-CoA (which is used in the citric acid cycle to produce energy), NADH and FADH. [16] The process of beta oxidation requires the following enzymes: acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, enoyl-CoA hydratase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase. [15]
d -Glucose + 2 [NAD] + + 2 [ADP] + 2 [P] i 2 × Pyruvate 2 × + 2 [NADH] + 2 H + + 2 [ATP] + 2 H 2 O Glycolysis pathway overview The use of symbols in this equation makes it appear unbalanced with respect to oxygen atoms, hydrogen atoms, and charges. Atom balance is maintained by the two phosphate (P i) groups: Each exists in the form of a hydrogen phosphate anion, dissociating to contribute ...
Out of the cytoplasm it goes into the Krebs cycle with the acetyl CoA. It then mixes with CO 2 and makes 2 ATP, NADH, and FADH. From there the NADH and FADH go into the NADH reductase, which produces the enzyme. The NADH pulls the enzyme's electrons to send through the electron transport chain. The electron transport chain pulls H + ions ...
The process continues until all of the carbons in the fatty acid are turned into acetyl CoA. This acetyl-CoA then enters the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle). Both the fatty acid beta-oxidation and the TCA cycle produce NADH and FADH 2, which are used by the electron transport chain to generate ATP.
The last process in aerobic respiration is oxidative phosphorylation, also known as the electron transport chain. Here NADH and FADH 2 deliver their electrons to oxygen and protons at the inner membranes of the mitochondrion, facilitating the production of ATP. Oxidative phosphorylation contributes the majority of the ATP produced, compared to ...
The NADH generated in the citric acid cycle may later be oxidized (donate its electrons) to drive ATP synthesis in a type of process called oxidative phosphorylation. [6] FADH 2 is covalently attached to succinate dehydrogenase , an enzyme which functions both in the citric acid cycle and the mitochondrial electron transport chain in oxidative ...
The net effect of the malate–aspartate shuttle is purely redox: NADH in the cytosol is oxidized to NAD +, and NAD + in the matrix is reduced to NADH. The NAD + in the cytosol can then be reduced again by another round of glycolysis, and the NADH in the matrix can be used to pass electrons to the electron transport chain so ATP can be synthesized.
The citric acid cycle produces NADH and FADH2 through oxidation that will be reduced in oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The cytosolic, intermembrane space , compartment has a higher aqueous:protein content of around 3.8 μL/mg protein relative to that occurring in mitochondrial matrix where such levels typically are near 0 ...