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Other attributes commonly used include: coherence, azimuth, dip, instantaneous amplitude, response amplitude, response phase, instantaneous bandwidth, AVO, and spectral decomposition. A seismic attribute that can indicate the presence or absence of hydrocarbons is known as a direct hydrocarbon indicator.
Quantitative seismic attribute analysis of amplitude versus offset effects is complicated by anelastic attenuation because it is superimposed upon the AVO effects. [3] The rate of anelastic attenuation itself also contains additional information about the lithology and reservoir conditions such as porosity , saturation and pore pressure so it ...
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Seismic attribute analysis involves extracting or deriving a quantity from seismic data that can be analysed in order to enhance information that might be more subtle in a traditional seismic image, leading to a better geological or geophysical interpretation of the data. [50]
Seismic, well logs and other input data are each represented as a probability density function (PDF), which provides a geostatistical description based on histograms and variograms. Together these define the chances of a particular value at a particular location, and the expected geological scale and composition throughout the modeled area.
The seismic data is then carefully processed to preserve seismic amplitudes and accurately determine the spatial coordinates of each sample. This allows a geophysicist to construct a group of traces with a range of offsets that all sample the same subsurface location in order to perform AVO analysis.
The seismic survey design software can be used to design seismic survey in offshore, onshore, subsurface coverage analysis for 3D/3C [5] and Vertical seismic profile surveys. Also survey cost analysis, project tracking, crew production statistics can be managed. Other modelling studies such as ray tracing and illumination analysis can also be ...
Since the first SEG-Y standard was published, many companies dealing with seismic data have produced variants of the SEG-Y standard which have run contrary to the aims of defining a standard for universal interchange, thus generally causing confusion and delay when data received by a company in expected SEG-Y format turns out to be a variant of ...