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Of course, cost per kg is not the only important factor in material selection. An important concept is 'cost per unit of function'. For example, if the key design objective was the stiffness of a plate of the material, as described in the introductory paragraph above, then the designer would need a material with the optimal combination of ...
Embodied energy is the sum of all the energy required to produce any goods or services, considered as if that energy were incorporated or 'embodied' in the product itself. . The concept can be useful in determining the effectiveness of energy-producing or energy saving devices, or the "real" replacement cost of a building, and, because energy-inputs usually entail greenhouse gas emissions, in ...
Concrete which is subjected to long-duration forces is prone to creep. The density of concrete varies, but is around 2,400 kilograms per cubic metre (150 lb/cu ft). [1] Reinforced concrete is the most common form of concrete. The reinforcement is often steel rebar (mesh, spiral, bars and other forms). Structural fibers of various materials are ...
The austenizing temperature, the temperature where a steel transforms to an austenite crystal structure, for steel starts at 900 °C (1,650 °F) for pure iron, then, as more carbon is added, the temperature falls to a minimum 724 °C (1,335 °F) for eutectic steel (steel with only .83% by weight of carbon in it).
The overall embodied energy of concrete at roughly 1 to 1.5 megajoules per kilogram is therefore lower than for many structural and construction materials. [112] Once in place, concrete offers a great energy efficiency over the lifetime of a building. [113] Concrete walls leak air far less than those made of wood frames. [114]
2.1.3 Standard per steel name. ... Steel for reinforced concrete: ... Electrical Steel: Number = 100 × specific loss in W/kg
Rebar (short for reinforcement bar or reinforcing bar), known when massed as reinforcing steel or steel reinforcement, [1] is a tension device added to concrete to form reinforced concrete and reinforced masonry structures to strengthen and aid the concrete under tension.
≈ 7.489 151 707 kg/m 3: pound (avoirdupois) per cubic foot lb/ft 3: ≡ lb/ft 3: ≈ 16.018 463 37 kg/m 3: pound (avoirdupois) per cubic inch lb/in 3: ≡ lb/in 3: ≈ 2.767 990 471 × 10 4 kg/m 3: pound (avoirdupois) per gallon (imperial) lb/gal ≡ lb/gal ≈ 99.776 372 66 kg/m 3: pound (avoirdupois) per gallon (US fluid) lb/gal ≡ lb/gal ...