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Thymus atrophy during early human development (childhood) is an example of physiologic atrophy. Skeletal muscle atrophy is a common pathologic adaptation to skeletal muscle disuse (commonly called "disuse atrophy"). Tissue and organs especially susceptible to atrophy include skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, secondary sex organs, and the brain ...
The origins of pathophysiology as a distinct field date back to the late 18th century. The first known lectures on the subject were delivered by Professor August Friedrich Hecker at the University of Erfurt in 1790, and in 1791, he published the first textbook on pathophysiology, Grundriss der Physiologia pathologica [2], spanning 770 pages. [3]
A diagram explaining factors affecting arterial pressure. Pathophysiology is a study which explains the function of the body as it relates to diseases and conditions. The pathophysiology of hypertension is an area which attempts to explain mechanistically the causes of hypertension, which is a chronic disease characterized by elevation of blood pressure.
GERD may be common in difficult-to-control asthma, but according to one study, treating it does not seem to affect the asthma. [33] When there is a clinical suspicion for GERD as the cause of the asthma, an Esophageal pH Monitoring is required to confirm the diagnosis and establish the relationship between GERD and asthma.
HIV is commonly transmitted via unprotected sexual activity, blood transfusions, hypodermic needles, and from mother to child.Upon acquisition of the virus, the virus replicates inside and kills T helper cells, which are required for almost all adaptive immune responses.
Comparative physiologists often study organisms that live in "extreme" environments (e.g., deserts) because they expect to find especially clear examples of evolutionary adaptation. [4] One example is the study of water balance in desert-inhabiting mammals, which have been found to exhibit kidney specializations. [8]
The mechanisms of autism are divided into two main areas: pathophysiology of brain structures and processes, and neuropsychological linkages between brain structures and behaviors, with multiple pathophysiologies linked to various autism behaviors. [10] Evidence suggests gut–brain axis abnormalities may contribute to autism.
The origin of the term "Virchow's Triad" is of historical interest, and has been subject to reinterpretation in recent years. [7] While both Virchow's and the modern triads describe thrombosis, the previous triad has been characterized as "the consequences of thrombosis", and the modern triad as "the causes of thrombosis".
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