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Arithmetic return: average return of different observation periods; Geometric return: return depending only on start date and end date of one overall observation period; Rate of return or return on investment; Total shareholder return: annualized growth in capital assuming that dividends are reinvested
This means that an investment of $100 that yields an arithmetic return of 50% followed by an arithmetic return of −50% will result in $75, while an investment of $100 that yields a logarithmic return of 50% followed by a logarithmic return of −50% will come back to $100. Logarithmic return is also called the continuously compounded return.
The Brinson model performance attribution can be described as "arithmetic attribution" in the sense that it describes the difference between the portfolio return and the benchmark return. For example, if the portfolio return was 21%, and the benchmark return was 10%, arithmetic attribution would explain 11% of value added. [11]
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When measuring investment performance, it's helpful to understand its real return. The real return on investment is what you earn after returns are adjusted for inflation and taxes. Nominal ...
The information ratio is often annualized. While it is then common for the numerator to be calculated as the arithmetic difference between the annualized portfolio return and the annualized benchmark return, this is an approximation because the annualization of an arithmetic difference between terms is not the arithmetic difference of the annualized terms. [6]
Quantitatively, the volatility tax is the difference between the arithmetic and geometric average (or “ensemble average” and “time average”) returns of an asset or portfolio. It thus represents the degree of “ non-ergodicity ” of the geometric average.
The time-weighted return (TWR) [1] [2] is a method of calculating investment return, where returns over sub-periods are compounded together, with each sub-period weighted according to its duration. The time-weighted method differs from other methods of calculating investment return, in the particular way it compensates for external flows.