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In literary texts with a possible oral origin, such as Beowulf, chiastic or ring structures are often found on an intermediate level, that is, between the (verbal and/or grammatical) level of chiasmus and the higher level of chiastic structure such as noted in the Torah. John D. Niles provides examples of chiastic figures on all three levels. [25]
Both chiasmus and antimetabole can be used to reinforce antithesis. [6] In chiasmus, the clauses display inverted parallelism.Chiasmus was particularly popular in the literature of the ancient world, including Hebrew, Greek, Latin and K'iche' Maya, [7] where it was used to articulate the balance of order within the text.
For example, the phrase, "John, my best friend" uses the scheme known as apposition. Tropes (from Greek trepein, 'to turn') change the general meaning of words. An example of a trope is irony, which is the use of words to convey the opposite of their usual meaning ("For Brutus is an honorable man; / So are they all, all honorable men").
In 2003, John Dart proposed a complex theory of 'chiasms' (or 'chiasmus') running through the Gospel of Mark – a type of literary device he finds in the text. [219] Dart "[recovered] a formal structure to original Mark containing five major chiastic spans framed by a prologue and a conclusion."
The most commonly cited example of chiasmus in the Book of Mormon is the prophet Alma's religious experience, as recorded in Alma 36. Welch claims that it is unlikely, although not impossible, [ 22 ] that Smith knew about chiasmus at the time of the Book of Mormon's publication, [ 23 ] which implies that chiasmus could only be present in the ...
Chiasm (anatomy), an X-shaped structure produced by the crossing over of the fibers, with the prefix chiasm- means cross examples include: A nerval chiasm, where either two nerves cross in the body midline (e.g. Optic chiasma) A crossing of fibres inside a nerve reversing their mapping; A tendinous chiasm, the spot where two tendons cross.
The six examples given by FAIR in your link are of more complex chiasms and is by no means an exhaustive list. I personally have run across two extended examples of chaism in my reading of the book that are not included in their list: 1 Nephi 17:30-42 and 3 Nephi 27:7-29, the latter example being a thematic chaism. FreedomWorks!
Critics such as Jerald and Sandra Tanner argue that chiasmus in the Book of Mormon is a characteristic of Joseph Smith's speech pattern and not evidence of antiquity. They cite the use of chiasmus in the Doctrine and Covenants, which was not translated from an ancient text, as evidence. [93]