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In orthopaedic medicine, a bone graft can be sourced from a patient's own bone in order to fill space and produce an osteogenic response in a bone defect. However, due to the donor-site morbidity associated with autograft, other methods such as bone allograft and bone morphogenetic proteins and synthetic graft materials are often used as alternatives.
Tissue engineering, like 3D bioprinting, is an emerging field of study about constructing tissue-like structures by precisely layering cells, growth factors and biomaterials. [33] This field could revolutionize tissue transplants by synthesizing personalized grafts for enhanced integration without immune rejection and reducing reliance on ...
Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) is an inflammatory disease that is unique to allogeneic transplantation. It is an attack by the "new" bone marrow's immune cells against the recipient's tissues. This can occur even if the donor and recipient are HLA-identical because the immune system can still recognize other differences between their tissues.
In mesenchymal stem cell therapy, most of the cells are extracted from the adult patient's bone marrow [2] [3] Mesenchymal stem cells can be obtained via a procedure called bone marrow aspiration. A needle is inserted into the back of the patients hip bone and cells are removed to be grown under controlled in vitro conditions in a lab. Over a ...
The concept of autologous fat grafting was first suggested in 1893. The first report described that the adipose tissue without changing its structure was implanted to the adherent scars from osteomyelitis. The result was successful and soon widely used in different fields of aesthetic procedures such as breast augmentation and rhinoplasties. [6]
The term grafting is most commonly applied to skin grafting, however many tissues can be grafted: skin, bone, nerves, tendons, neurons, blood vessels, fat, and cornea are tissues commonly grafted today. The grafting process places fresh skin over a wound with damaged skin. Specific types include: [citation needed]
However, in immune privileged sites, tissue grafts can survive for extended periods of time without rejection occurring. [1] Immunologically privileged sites include: the eyes; the placenta and fetus; the testicles; the central nervous system; Immune privilege is also believed to occur to some extent or able to be induced in articular cartilage.
With the immune system incapacitated, a critical component of the known tumor microenvironment interaction is foregone, preventing immunotherapies and anti-cancer agents that target the immune system components from being studied in PDX models. Researchers are beginning to explore the use of humanized-xenograft models to enable immune studies.
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