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Cytochrome c 1 transfers its electron to cytochrome c (not to be confused with cytochrome c1), and the B H Heme transfers its electron to a nearby ubiquinone, resulting in the formation of a ubisemiquinone. Cytochrome c diffuses. The first ubiquinol (now oxidised to ubiquinone) is released, whilst the semiquinone remains bound. Round 2:
the ε subunit has 3'→5' exonuclease activity. the θ subunit stimulates the ε subunit's proofreading. 2 β units which act as sliding DNA clamps, they keep the polymerase bound to the DNA. 2 τ units which act to dimerize two of the core enzymes (α, ε, and θ subunits).
The most common form of plastoquinone, known as PQ-A or PQ-9, is a 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone molecule with a side chain of nine isoprenyl units. There are other forms of plastoquinone, such as ones with shorter side chains like PQ-3 (which has 3 isoprenyl side units instead of 9) as well as analogs such as PQ-B, PQ-C, and PQ-D, which differ ...
During DNA replication, the replisome will unwind the parental duplex DNA into a two single-stranded DNA template replication fork in a 5' to 3' direction. The leading strand is the template strand that is being replicated in the same direction as the movement of the replication fork.
DNA is a duplex formed by two anti-parallel strands. Following Meselson-Stahl, the process of DNA replication is semi-conservative, whereby during replication the original DNA duplex is separated into two daughter strands (referred to as the leading and lagging strand templates). Each daughter strand becomes part of a new DNA duplex.
Rolling circle replication (RCR) is a process of unidirectional nucleic acid replication that can rapidly synthesize multiple copies of circular molecules of DNA or RNA, such as plasmids, the genomes of bacteriophages, and the circular RNA genome of viroids. Some eukaryotic viruses also replicate their DNA or RNA via the rolling circle mechanism.
MCM2-7 is required for both DNA replication initiation and elongation; its regulation at each stage is a central feature of eukaryotic DNA replication. [3] During G1 phase, the two head-to-head Mcm2-7 rings serve as the scaffold for the assembly of the bidirectional replication initiation complexes at the replication origin.
During DNA replication in bacteria two key functions are expressed. The first is a DNA polymerizing function of DNA polymerase , and the second is a 3’ to 5’ exonuclease editing function. Both of these functions may be encoded within one gene , or alternatively the two functions may be encoded by separate genes.