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Gear of the Antikythera mechanism, a mechanical computer from the 2nd century BCE showing a previously unknown level of complexity. An out-of-place artifact (OOPArt or oopart) is an artifact of historical, archaeological, or paleontological interest to someone that is claimed to have been found in an unusual context, which someone claims to challenge conventional historical chronology by its ...
Enigma machine messages Solved (broken by Polish and Allied cryptographers between 1932 and 1945) 1939 D'Agapeyeff cipher: Unsolved 1939–1945 Purple cipher machine messages Solved (broken by Allied cryptographers in 1940) 1941 Lorenz SZ42 machine cipher messages Solved (broken by Allied cryptographers in 1942) 1944 Pigeon NURP 40 TW 194 ...
Jeffreys's perforated sheets were used by Polish cryptologists in exile in France to make the first wartime decryption of an Enigma message on 17 January 1940. [ 8 ] In early 1940, a section called " Hut 6 " — named after the building in which it was initially housed — was created to work on solving German Army and Air Force Enigma messages.
"Kryptos: The Unsolved Enigma". In Daniel Burstein; Arne de Keijzer (eds.). Secrets of the Lost Symbol: The Unauthorized Guide to the Mysteries Behind The Da Vinci Code Sequel. HarperCollins. pp. 319–326. ISBN 978-0-06-196495-4. Dunin, Elonka (2009). "Art, Encryption, and the Preservation of Secrets: An interview with Jim Sanborn". In Daniel ...
First the encipherer constructs a Polybius square using a mixed alphabet. This is used to convert both the plaintext and a keyword to a series of two digit numbers. These numbers are then added together in the normal way to get the ciphertext, with the key numbers repeated as required.
At present, there is no explanation widely accepted by economists. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] The Modigliani–Miller theorem suggests that the puzzle can (only) be explained by some combination of taxes, bankruptcy costs, market inefficiency (including that due to investor psychology ), and asymmetric information .
The stated purpose of the puzzles each year was to recruit "highly intelligent individuals", although the ultimate purpose remains unknown. [2] Theories have included claims that Cicada 3301 is a secret society with the goal of improving cryptography, privacy, and anonymity or that it is a cult or religion.
The Hardest Logic Puzzle Ever is a logic puzzle so called by American philosopher and logician George Boolos and published in The Harvard Review of Philosophy in 1996. [1] [2] Boolos' article includes multiple ways of solving the problem.