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Gear of the Antikythera mechanism, a mechanical computer from the 2nd century BCE showing a previously unknown level of complexity. An out-of-place artifact (OOPArt or oopart) is an artifact of historical, archaeological, or paleontological interest to someone that is claimed to have been found in an unusual context, which someone claims to challenge conventional historical chronology by its ...
Enigma machine messages Solved (broken by Polish and Allied cryptographers between 1932 and 1945) 1939 D'Agapeyeff cipher: Unsolved 1939–1945 Purple cipher machine messages Solved (broken by Allied cryptographers in 1940) 1941 Lorenz SZ42 machine cipher messages Solved (broken by Allied cryptographers in 1942) 1944 Pigeon NURP 40 TW 194 ...
The emblem and painted enigma were similar in that each usually contained some clue that the composition contained a hidden meaning, usually a "written legend which might be a verbal riddle or rebus to be solved by the same word, or a simple epigrammatic motto such as constituted the 'soul' of the emblem."
The Enigma machines combined multiple levels of movable rotors and plug cables to produce a particularly complex polyalphabetic substitution cipher.. During World War I, inventors in several countries realised that a purely random key sequence, containing no repetitive pattern, would, in principle, make a polyalphabetic substitution cipher unbreakable. [6]
The bombe was designed to discover some of the daily settings of the Enigma machines on the various German military networks: specifically, the set of rotors in use and their positions in the machine; the rotor core start positions for the message—the message key—and one of the wirings of the plugboard. [8] [9] [10]
The word is derived from Greek, with the first element, "arche," meaning "beginning, origin, cause, primal source principle," as well as "position of a leader, supreme rule, and government." The second element, "type," means "blow and what is produced by a blow, the imprint of a coin, form, image, prototype, model, order, and norm."
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At present, there is no explanation widely accepted by economists. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] The Modigliani–Miller theorem suggests that the puzzle can (only) be explained by some combination of taxes, bankruptcy costs, market inefficiency (including that due to investor psychology ), and asymmetric information .