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A clause which provides for a large payment in pursuant of the performance of obligations is not a penalty at law. [25] In Berg v Blackburn Rovers FC [ 26 ] it was held that where a football club exercised its right to terminate employment of a manager upon payment out of the remaining salary due under the contract, this was the performance of ...
Many clauses which are found to be penal (i.e. "penalty clauses") are expressed as liquidated damages clauses but have been seen by courts as excessive and thus invalid. [2] The judicial approach to penal damages is conceptually important as it is one of the few examples of judicial paternalism in contract law. Even if two parties genuinely and ...
For example, Article 1226 of the French Civil Code provides for clause pénale, a variant of liquidated damages which combines compensatory and coercive elements. Judges may adjust excessive contract penalties, but such clauses are not generally void as a matter of French law. [19]
Penalty clauses inserted into written contracts, a mainstay in civil law jurisdictions, as well as penal bonds with separate indentures of defeasance were commonly used to secure the performance of a contract until well into the fifteenth century. [6]
The agreement then said if that did happen, New Garage would pay £5 per tyre 'by way of liquidated damages and not as a penalty'. The judge held the £5 sum was liquidated damages and enforceable. The Court of Appeal held by a majority that the clause was a penalty and Dunlop could only obtain nominal damages. Dunlop appealed.
An employment contract said ‘in the event of wrongful termination by way of liquidated damages the company shall forthwith pay to the Executive a sum equal to one year’s gross salary, pension contributions and other benefits in kind.’ Leisureplay plc claimed that the bonus should be void as a penalty clause.
A take-or-pay contract, or a take-or-pay clause within a contract, is a payment obligation agreed between a business customer and its supplier. With this kind of contract, the customer either takes the product from the supplier or pays the supplier a penalty. For any product the company takes, it agrees to pay the supplier a certain price, say ...
In Australia, punitive damages are not available for breach of contract, [5] but are possible for tort cases.. The law is less settled regarding equitable wrongs. In Harris v Digital Pulse Pty Ltd, [6] the defendant employees knowingly breached contractual and fiduciary duties to their employer by diverting business to themselves and misusing its confidential information.