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Still, newer methods include an antibody test for the virus' core protein and the detection of the viral genome after first concentrating the viral particles by ultracentrifugation. [44] A form of infection with persistently moderately elevated serum liver enzymes but without antibodies to hepatitis C has also been reported. [45]
In children born to hepatitis C virus antibody positive but hepatitis C virus RNA negative mothers, the alanine aminotransferase and hepatitis C virus antibodies should be investigated at 18-24 months of life. If both the alanine aminotransferase value is normal and hepatitis C virus antibody is not found, follow up should be interrupted.
Microsomal antibody Antigen Disease anti-LKM 1: cytochrome P450 2D6: autoimmune hepatitis type II and chronic hepatitis C (10%) anti-LKM 2: cytochrome P450 2C9: drug-induced hepatitis (tienilic acid–induced) anti-LKM 3: cytochrome P450 1A2: chronic active hepatitis in association with autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1; [1] hepatitis D
Depending on the antibody present in the human serum and the localisation of the antigen in the cell, distinct patterns of fluorescence will be seen on the HEp-2 cells. [51] [52] Levels of antibodies are analysed by performing dilutions on blood serum. An ANA test is considered positive if fluorescence is seen at a titre of 1:40/1:80.
The standard serology panel for seroconversion include hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis B surface antibody for IgM and IgG, hepatitis B core antibody for IgM and IgG, and hepatitis B e-antigen. [61] In the typical disease course for hepatitis B, [62] the individual will first seroconvert for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg).
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) [3] is a small (55–65 nm in size), enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae. The hepatitis C virus is the cause of hepatitis C and some cancers such as liver cancer ( hepatocellular carcinoma , abbreviated HCC) and lymphomas in humans.
To do this, antibodies that are specific to different types of viruses are mixed with the tissue sample. After the tissue is exposed to a specific wavelength of light or a chemical that allows the antibody to be visualized. [citation needed] These tests require specialized antibodies that are produced and purchased from commercial companies.
FibroTest has been evaluated in relation to liver biopsy (the current reference standard in liver disease assessment) in people with hepatitis C, hepatitis B, [1] alcoholic liver disease, [2] and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. [3] They are most useful for cirrhosis and less useful for other stages of liver disease. [4]