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In political science, the minimal effects hypothesis states that political campaigns only marginally persuade and convert voters. The hypothesis was formulated during early research into voting behavior between the 1940s and the 1960s, and this period formed the initial "minimum effects" era in the United States. [ 1 ]
The minimal group paradigm is a method employed in social psychology. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Although it may be used for a variety of purposes, it is best known as a method for investigating the minimal conditions required for discrimination to occur between groups.
The "limited effects" model of communication emerged in the 1940s with a shift in the media effects paradigm. This shift suggested that while the media has effects on consumers' behavior such as their voting behavior, these effects are limited and influenced indirectly by interpersonal discussions and the influence of opinion leaders .
The context-based model of the counterintuitiveness effect [1] is a cognitive model of The Minimal Counterintuitiveness Effect (or MCI-effect for short) i.e., the finding by many cognitive scientists of religion that minimally counterintuitive concepts are more memorable for people than intuitive and maximally counterintuitive concepts [2] [3]
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Minima Moralia: Reflections from Damaged Life (German: Minima Moralia: Reflexionen aus dem beschädigten Leben) is a 1951 critical theory book by German philosopher Theodor W. Adorno. Adorno started writing it during World War II , in 1944, while he lived as an exile in America, and completed it in 1949.
Reinforcement theory is a limited effects media model applicable within the realm of communication.The theory generally states that people seek out and remember information that provides cognitive support for their pre-existing attitudes and beliefs.
In this model is the school-specific random effect: it measures the difference between the average score at school and the average score in the entire country. The term W i j {\displaystyle W_{ij}} is the individual-specific random effect, i.e., it's the deviation of the j {\displaystyle j} -th pupil's score from the average for the i ...