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Micrograph showing gliosis in the cerebellum. Reactive astrocytes on the left display severe proliferation and domain overlap. Reactive astrogliosis is the most common form of gliosis and involves the proliferation of astrocytes, a type of glial cell responsible for maintaining extracellular ion and neurotransmitter concentrations, modulating synapse function, and forming the blood–brain ...
The white matter with hidden but MRI-visible damage is known as "Normal-appearing white matter" (NAWM) [136] and is where lesions appear. [22] The NAWM is considered a non-visible kind of lesion, produces disability and it is responsive to natalizumab [137] The pathology of the NAWM differs from areas near the lesions or near the cortex.
Head CT showing periventricular white matter lesions. Leukoaraiosis is a particular abnormal change in appearance of white matter near the lateral ventricles. It is often seen in aged individuals, but sometimes in young adults. [1] [2] On MRI, leukoaraiosis changes appear as white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) in T2 FLAIR images.
Using high field MRI system, with several variants several areas show lesions, and can be spacially classified in infratentorial, callosal, juxtacortical, periventricular, and other white matter areas. [21] Other authors simplify this in three regions: intracortical, mixed gray-white matter, and juxtacortical. [22]
Reduced T2 weighting by taking multiple conventional DWI images with different DWI weighting, and the change corresponds to diffusion. [16] Low signal minutes after cerebral infarction (pictured). [17] Diffusion tensor: DTI: Mainly tractography (pictured) by an overall greater Brownian motion of water molecules in the directions of nerve fibers ...
Some more specialized diffusion MRI techniques such as diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) have also been shown to predict the response of cancer patients to chemotherapy treatment. [43] The principal application is in the imaging of white matter where the location, orientation, and anisotropy of the tracts can be measured.
The degeneration of white matter, which reflects the degeneration of myelin, can be seen in a basic MRI and used to diagnose leukodystrophies of all types. T-1 and T-2 weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images are the most often used approach. [25] Electrophysiological and other kinds of laboratory testing can also be done.
The MRI of patients with VWM shows a well defined leukodystrophy. These MRIs display reversal of signal intensity of the white matter in the brain. Recovery sequences and holes in the white matter are also visible. [4] Over time, the MRI is excellent at showing rarefaction and cystic degeneration of the white matter as it is replaced by fluid.