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Micrograph showing gliosis in the cerebellum. Reactive astrocytes on the left display severe proliferation and domain overlap. Reactive astrogliosis is the most common form of gliosis and involves the proliferation of astrocytes, a type of glial cell responsible for maintaining extracellular ion and neurotransmitter concentrations, modulating synapse function, and forming the blood–brain ...
These small regions of high intensity are observed on T2 weighted MRI images (typically created using 3D FLAIR) within cerebral white matter (white matter lesions, white matter hyperintensities or WMH) [1] [2] or subcortical gray matter (gray matter hyperintensities or GMH). The volume and frequency is strongly associated with increasing age. [2]
Head CT showing periventricular white matter lesions. Leukoaraiosis is a particular abnormal change in appearance of white matter near the lateral ventricles. It is often seen in aged individuals, but sometimes in young adults. [1] [2] On MRI, leukoaraiosis changes appear as white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) in T2 FLAIR images.
Reduced T2 weighting by taking multiple conventional DWI images with different DWI weighting, and the change corresponds to diffusion. [16] Low signal minutes after cerebral infarction (pictured). [17] Diffusion tensor: DTI: Mainly tractography (pictured) by an overall greater Brownian motion of water molecules in the directions of nerve fibers ...
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to generate pictures of the anatomy and the physiological processes inside the body. MRI scanners use strong magnetic fields, magnetic field gradients, and radio waves to form images of the organs in the body.
T 1-weighted images are useful for visualizing normal anatomy. T 2-weighted (T2W) images: CSF is light, but fat (and thus white matter) is darker than with T 1. T 2-weighted images are useful for visualizing pathology. [26] Diffusion-weighted images (DWI): DWI uses the diffusion of water molecules to generate contrast in MR images.
Using high field MRI system, with several variants several areas show lesions, and can be spacially classified in infratentorial, callosal, juxtacortical, periventricular, and other white matter areas. [21] Other authors simplify this in three regions: intracortical, mixed gray-white matter, and juxtacortical. [22]
Some more specialized diffusion MRI techniques such as diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) have also been shown to predict the response of cancer patients to chemotherapy treatment. [43] The principal application is in the imaging of white matter where the location, orientation, and anisotropy of the tracts can be measured.