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Equipment designed for use in particularly extreme cold conditions (such as the polar regions) also undergoes a "winterization" process.Many complex devices (automobiles, electronics and radios) as well as common materials (metals, rubbers, petroleum lubricants) are not designed to operate at extremely low temperatures and must be winterized to operate without severe damage from the elements ...
Drip irrigation systems distribute water through a network of valves, pipes, tubing, and emitters. Depending on how well designed, installed, maintained, and operated it is, a drip irrigation system can be more efficient than other types of irrigation systems, such as surface irrigation or sprinkler irrigation.
The Great Man-Made River (GMMR, Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, Italian: Grande fiume artificiale) is a network of pipes that supplies fresh water obtained from the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System fossil aquifer across Libya. It is the world's largest irrigation project. [1]
A small center pivot system from beginning to end. Irrigation equipment can also be configured to move in a straight line, where it is termed a lateral move, linear move, wheel move or side-roll irrigation system. [11] [12] In these systems the water is supplied by an irrigation channel running the length of the field. The channel is positioned ...
Irrigation water has a price by which the management costs must be covered. The following tariff (water charge) systems exist: [6] No tariff, the government assumes the costs; Tariff in labor hours, which holds mainly in communal types of management in traditional irrigation systems; Yearly area tariff, a fixed price per ha per year
In the 1950s, Stout-Wyss Irrigation System, a firm based in Portland, Oregon, developed a rolling pipe type irrigation system for farms that has become the most popular type for farmers irrigating large fields. With this system, large wheels attached to the large pipes with sprinkler heads move slowly across the field. [4]
The lower the irrigation efficiency, the higher the losses. Although reasonably high irrigation efficiencies of 70% or more (i.e., losses of 30% or less) can occur with sophisticated techniques like sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation or by well-managed surface irrigation, in practice the losses are commonly in the order of 40% to 60% ...
This type of irrigation is relatively new with research and development into its practice and modelling started in early 1980s. [3] Surge Irrigation is a variant of furrow irrigation where the water supply is pulsed on and off in planned time periods (e.g. on for 1 hour off for 1½ hour).