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This is a list of radioactive nuclides (sometimes also called isotopes), ordered by half-life from shortest to longest, in seconds, minutes, hours, days and years. Current methods make it difficult to measure half-lives between approximately 10 −19 and 10 −10 seconds. [1]
Around 99.284% of natural uranium's mass is uranium-238, which has a half-life of 1.41 × 10 17 seconds (4.468 × 10 9 years, or 4.468 billion years). [1] Due to its natural abundance and half-life relative to other radioactive elements , 238 U produces ~40% of the radioactive heat produced within the Earth. [ 2 ]
Instead, the half-life is defined in terms of probability: "Half-life is the time required for exactly half of the entities to decay on average". In other words, the probability of a radioactive atom decaying within its half-life is 50%. [2] For example, the accompanying image is a simulation of many identical atoms undergoing radioactive decay.
Half-Life 2 was selected by readers of The Guardian as the best game of the decade, with particular praise for the environment design. The Guardian journalist Keith Stuart wrote that it "pushed the envelope for the genre, and set a new high watermark for FPS narrative". [72] Half-Life 2 won Crispy Gamer's Game of the Decade [73] tournament ...
It has a half-life of 30 years, and decays by beta decay without gamma ray emission to a metastable state of barium-137 (137m Ba). Barium-137m has a half-life of a 2.6 minutes and is responsible for all of the gamma ray emission in this decay sequence. The ground state of barium-137 is stable. The photon energy (energy of a single gamma ray) of ...
2# min 5/2−# 137m Pm 160(50) keV ... Promethium-147 has a half-life of 2.62 years, and is a fission product produced in nuclear reactors via beta decay from ...
All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 9 days, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than half an hour. This element also has 18 meta states , with the most stable being 177m Lu (t 1/2 160.4 days), 174m Lu (t 1/2 142 days) and 178m Lu (t 1/2 23.1 minutes).
, which undergoes beta decay with a half-life of 21.8 minutes to 233 Pa. This nuclide subsequently undergoes beta decay with a half-life of 27 days to form fissile 233 U. [4] One potential advantage of a thorium-based nuclear fuel cycle is that thorium is three times more abundant than uranium, the current fuel for commercial nuclear reactors.