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Chronic epididymitis is most commonly associated with lower back pain, and the onset of pain often co-occurs with activity that stresses the low back (i.e., heavy lifting, long periods of car driving, poor posture while sitting, or any other activity that interferes with the normal curve of the lumbar lordosis region). [14]: p.237
Orchitis is inflammation of the testicles. [1] It can also involve swelling, pains and frequent infection, particularly of the epididymis , as in epididymitis . The term is from the Ancient Greek ὄρχις meaning "testicle"; same root as orchid .
Chronic scrotal pain (pain for greater than 3 months) may occur due to a number of underlying conditions. [3] It occurs in 15-19% of men post vasectomy, due to infections such as epididymitis, prostatitis, and orchitis, as well as varicocele, hydrocele, spermatocele, polyarteritis nodosa, testicular torsion, previous surgery and trauma. [3]
Reproductive tract infection (RTI) are infections that affect the reproductive tract, which is part of the reproductive system.For females, reproductive tract infections can affect the upper reproductive tract (fallopian tubes, ovary and uterus) and the lower reproductive tract (vagina, cervix and vulva); for males these infections affect the penis, testicles, urethra or the vas deferens.
Orchitis, or inflammation of the testicles due to a bacterial or viral infection, can lead to testicular atrophy. [9] Mumps has historically been significantly associated with orchitis and testicular atrophy, but has become rare in countries that have high mumps vaccination rates. [9]
Chronic testicular pain is long-term pain of the testes. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It is considered chronic if it has persisted for more than three months. [ 1 ] Chronic testicular pain may be caused by injury , infection , surgery , cancer , varicocele , or testicular torsion , and is a possible complication after vasectomy . [ 2 ]
Post-vasectomy pain syndrome (PVPS) is a chronic and sometimes debilitating genital pain condition that may develop immediately or several years after vasectomy. [1] [2] [3] Because this condition is a syndrome, there is no single treatment method, therefore efforts focus on mitigating/relieving the individual patient's specific pain.
The cremasteric reflex can be helpful in recognizing testicular emergencies. The presence of the cremasteric reflex does not eliminate testicular torsion from a differential diagnosis, but it does broaden the possibilities to include epididymitis or other causes of scrotal and testicular pain.