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Monazite is radioactive due to the presence of thorium and, less commonly, uranium. The radiogenic decay of uranium and thorium to lead enables monazite to be dated through monazite geochronology. Monazite crystals often have multiple distinct zones that formed through successive geologic events that lead to monazite crystallization. [10]
This variety of monazite is typically colored bright rose-red. It is the neodymium analogue of monazite-(Ce) , monazite-(La) , and monazite-(Sm) . [ 4 ] The group contains simple rare earth phosphate minerals with the general formula of A T O 4 , where A = Ce, La, Nd, or Sm (or, rarely, Bi), and B = P or, rarely, As.
Monazite-(La) is a relatively rare representative of the monazite group, with lanthanum being the dominant rare earth element in its structure. As such, it is the lanthanum analogue of monazite-(Ce) , monazite-(Nd) , and monazite-(Sm) .
It is the cerium-dominant analogue of monazite-(La), monazite-(Nd), and monazite-(Sm). It is also the phosphorus analogue of gasparite-(Ce). [ 3 ] The group contains simple rare earth phosphate minerals with the general formula of AXO 4 , where A = Ce, La, Nd, or Sm (or, rarely, Bi), and X = P or, rarely, As.
The principal sources of rare-earth elements are the minerals bastnäsite (RCO 3 F, where R is a mixture of rare-earth elements), monazite (XPO 4, where X is a mixture of rare-earth elements and sometimes thorium), and loparite ((Ce,Na,Ca)(Ti,Nb)O 3), and the lateritic ion-adsorption clays.
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Monazite-(Sm) is an exceedingly rare representative of the monazite group, with samarium being the dominant rare earth element in its structure. It is the samarium analogue of monazite-(Ce), monazite-(La), and monazite-(Nd). It is only the second known mineral with samarium being the mineral-forming element, after florencite-(Sm). [3]
Monazite geochronology is a dating technique to study geological history using the mineral monazite. It is a powerful tool in studying the complex history of metamorphic rocks particularly, as well as igneous, sedimentary and hydrothermal rocks. [2] [3] The dating uses the radioactive processes in monazite as a clock.