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Although Pashto used as a medium of instruction in schools for Pashtun students results in better understanding and comprehension for students when compared to using Urdu, still the government of Pakistan has only introduced Pashto at the primary levels in state-run schools. [61]
Differences with other Punjabi varieties are more pronounced in the morphology and phonology than in the syntax. [41] The word Hindko, commonly used to refer to a number of Indo-Aryan dialects spoken in the neighbourhood of Pashto, likely originally meant "the Indian language" (in contrast to Pashto). [42]
Dari and Pashto serve as the two main official languages whereas English and Urdu also remain popular. Dari historically served as the lingua franca between different ethnic groups in the region. Dari is spoken by over 75% of the population in Afghanistan, followed by Pashto 48%, Uzbek 11%, English 6%, Turkmen 3%, Urdu 3%, Pashayi 1%, Nuristani ...
The Afghan standard is currently dominant due to the lack and negative treatment of Pashto education in Pakistan. Most writers use mixed orthography combining elements of both standards. In Pakistan, Pashto speakers who are not literate in their mother tongue often use Urdu alphabets. The main differences between the two are as follows: [12] [13]
Pashto has a large number of dialects: generally divided into Northern, Southern and Central groups; [256] and also Tarino or Waṇetsi as distinct group. [257] [258] As Elfenbein notes: "Dialect differences lie primarily in phonology and lexicon: the morphology and syntax are, again with the exception of Wanetsi, quite remarkably uniform". [259]
The most common second language for Hindko-speakers in Pakistan is Urdu and the second most common one is Pashto. [44] In most Hindko-speaking areas, speakers of Pashto live in the same or neighbouring communities (although this is less true in Abbottabad and Kaghan Valley).
Consequently, while Kakazai Pashtuns residing in Pashto-speaking areas continue to speak Pashto, those in non-Pashto-speaking regions have experienced a linguistic shift. Despite maintaining Pashtun customs, including adherence to Pashtunwali , traditional dress, cuisine, and martial heritage, many Kakazai Pashtuns in regions such as Kabul ...
The differences between the standard varieties of Pashto are primarily phonological, and there are simple conversion rules. [12] The morphological differences between the standard varieties are very few and unimportant. Two of the key phonemes whose pronunciation vary between the different Pashto dialects are ښ and ږ.