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Production of antibiotics is a naturally occurring event, that thanks to advances in science can now be replicated and improved upon in laboratory settings. Due to the discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming, and the efforts of Florey and Chain in 1938, large-scale, pharmaceutical production of antibiotics has been made possible.
Certain fungi are used to make citric acid, a common ingredient of soft drinks and other foods. Vitamins Microorganisms are used to make vitamins, including C, B 2, B 12. Antibiotics With only a few exceptions, microorganisms are used to make antibiotics. Penicillin, Amoxicillin, Tetracycline, and Erythromycin
Pharmaceutical microbiology is an applied branch of microbiology.It involves the study of microorganisms associated with the manufacture of pharmaceuticals e.g. minimizing the number of microorganisms in a process environment, excluding microorganisms and microbial byproducts like exotoxin and endotoxin from water and other starting materials, and ensuring the finished pharmaceutical product ...
Bacteria in the culture on the right are resistant to most of the antibiotics. In addition to drugs being specific to a certain kind of organism (bacteria, fungi, etc.), some drugs are specific to a certain genus or species of organism, and will not work on other organisms. Because of this specificity, medical microbiologists must consider the ...
Since some bacteria have the ability to synthesize antibiotics, they are used for medicinal purposes, such as Streptomyces to make aminoglycoside antibiotics. [30] Fermenting tanks with yeast being used to brew beer. A variety of biopolymers, such as polysaccharides, polyesters, and polyamides, are produced by microorganisms.
Other forms of antibiotic-associated harm include anaphylaxis, drug toxicity most notably kidney and liver damage, and super-infections with resistant organisms. Antibiotics are also known to affect mitochondrial function, [125] and this may contribute to the bioenergetic failure of immune cells seen in sepsis. [126]
The use of selective media (media with specific nutrients added or deficient, or with antibiotics added) can help identify specific organisms. [ 118 ] Most laboratory techniques for growing bacteria use high levels of nutrients to produce large amounts of cells cheaply and quickly. [ 117 ]
The route of administration of an antibiotic varies. Antibiotics effective against MRSA can be given by IV, oral, or a combination of both, and depend on the specific circumstances and patient characteristics. [4] The use of concurrent treatment with vancomycin or other beta-lactam agents may have a synergistic effect. [21]: 637