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Asthma phenotyping and endotyping has emerged as a novel approach to asthma classification inspired by precision medicine which separates the clinical presentations of asthma, or asthma phenotypes, from their underlying causes, or asthma endotypes. The best-supported endotypic distinction is the type 2-high/type 2-low distinction.
The fundamental problem in asthma appears to be immunological: young children in the early stages of asthma show signs of excessive inflammation in their airways. Epidemiological findings give clues as to the pathogenesis: the incidence of asthma seems to be increasing worldwide, and asthma is now very much more common in affluent countries.
Children affected by allergies in the developed world: [2] 1 in 13 have eczema; 1 in 8 have allergic rhinitis; 3-6% are affected by food allergy; Children in the United States under 18 years of age: [3] Percent with any allergy: 27.2%; Percent with seasonal allergy: 18.9%; Percent with eczema: 10.8%; Percent with food allergy: 5.8%
Asthma affects approximately 7% of the population of the United States and causes approximately 4,210 deaths per year. [13] [14] [15] In 2005, asthma affected more than 22 million people, including 6 million children, and accounted for nearly 500,000 hospitalizations that same year. [16]
In children and adults with established asthma, viral upper respiratory tract infections (URIs), especially HRVs infections, can produce acute exacerbations of asthma. Thus, Chlamydia pneumoniae , Mycoplasma pneumoniae and human rhinoviruses are microbes that play a major role in non-atopic asthma.
The prevalence of asthma increased 75% from 1980 to 1994. Asthma prevalence is 39% higher in African Americans than in Europeans. [151] 5.7 million (about 9.4%). In six- and seven-year-olds asthma increased from 18.4% to 20.9% over five years, during the same time the rate decreased from 31% to 24.7% in 13- to 14-year-olds. Atopic eczema
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