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CMOS inverter (a NOT logic gate). Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS, pronounced "sea-moss ", / s iː m ɑː s /, /-ɒ s /) is a type of metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) fabrication process that uses complementary and symmetrical pairs of p-type and n-type MOSFETs for logic functions. [1]
The MOSFET is by far the most common transistor in digital circuits, as billions may be included in a memory chip or microprocessor. As MOSFETs can be made with either p-type or n-type semiconductors, complementary pairs of MOS transistors can be used to make switching circuits with very low power consumption, in the form of CMOS logic.
MOSFET (PMOS and NMOS) demonstrations Date Channel length Oxide thickness [1] MOSFET logic Researcher(s) Organization Ref; June 1960: 20,000 nm: 100 nm: PMOS: Mohamed M. Atalla, Dawon Kahng: Bell Telephone Laboratories [2] [3] NMOS: 10,000 nm: 100 nm: PMOS Mohamed M. Atalla, Dawon Kahng: Bell Telephone Laboratories [4] NMOS May 1965: 8,000 nm ...
The most commonly used FET is the MOSFET. The CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) process technology is the basis for modern digital integrated circuits. This process technology uses an arrangement where the (usually "enhancement-mode") p-channel MOSFET and n-channel MOSFET are connected in series such that when one is on, the other ...
Enhancement-mode MOSFETs (metal–oxide–semiconductor FETs) are the common switching elements in most integrated circuits. These devices are off at zero gate–source voltage. NMOS can be turned on by pulling the gate voltage higher than the source voltage, PMOS can be turned on by pulling the gate voltage lower than the source voltage.
These were the driving principles in the design of NMOS logic which uses n-channel MOSFETs exclusively. However, neglecting leakage current, unlike CMOS logic, NMOS logic consumes power even when no switching is taking place. The MOSFET invented at Bell Labs between 1955 and 1960, had both pMOS and nMOS devices with a 20 μm process.
A power MOSFET is a specific type of metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) designed to handle significant power levels. Compared to the other power semiconductor devices , such as an insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) or a thyristor , its main advantages are high switching speed and good efficiency at low voltages.
In classical MOSFET devices, the 60 mV/decade is a fundamental limit to power scaling. The ratio between on-current and the off-current (especially the subthreshold leakage — one major contributor of power consumption) is given by the ratio between the threshold voltage and the subthreshold slope, e.g.: