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Rhipicephalus sanguineus, commonly called the brown dog tick, kennel tick, [1] or pantropical dog tick, [1] is a species of tick found worldwide, but more commonly in warmer climates. This species is unusual among ticks in that its entire lifecycle can be completed indoors. [ 2 ]
Ticks have four stages to their life cycle, namely egg, larva, nymph, and adult. Ticks belonging to the Ixodidae family undergo either a one-host, two-host, or three-host life cycle . [ 2 ] Argasid ticks have up to seven nymphal stages ( instars ), each one requiring blood ingestion, and as such, Argasid ticks undergo a multihost life cycle.
Rhipicephalus is a genus of ticks in the family Ixodidae, the hard ticks, consisting of about 74 or 75 species. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Most are native to tropical Africa . [ 2 ]
Most of these pathogens require passage through vertebrate hosts as part of their life cycle. Tick-borne infections in humans, farm animals, and companion animals are primarily associated with wildlife animal reservoirs. [5] Many tick-borne infections in humans involve a complex cycle between wildlife animal reservoirs and tick vectors. [5]
The disease is spread by the American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis), Rocky Mountain wood tick (D. andersoni), brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus), and Amblyomma sculptum. [17] [18] Not all of these are of equal importance, and most are restricted to certain geographic areas. [citation needed]
The life cycle of ticks can vary depending on the species. Most ticks go through four stages: egg, six-legged larva, eight-legged nymph, and adult. After hatching from the egg, a tick must obtain a blood meal at every stage to survive. Ticks can feed on mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians.
Ehrlichiosis is a disease caused by Ehrlichia canis and spread by the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Signs include fever, vasculitis, and low blood counts. [6] Rocky Mountain spotted fever* is a rickettsial disease that occurs in dogs and humans. It is caused by Rickettsia rickettsii and spread by ticks of the genus Dermacentor.
The incidence rate increases with age, with the ages of 60–69 years being the highest age-specific years. Children less than 10 years and adults aged 70 years and older have the highest case-fatality rates. [25] A documented higher risk of death exists among persons who are immunosuppressed. [23]