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Symptoms may be unilateral or bilateral, and correlate to the region of the spine affected. The most common region for spinal disk disease is at L4–L5 or L5–S1. [20] The risk for lumbar disc disease is increased in overweight individuals because of the increased compressive force on the nucleus pulposus, and is twice as likely to occur in men.
[14] [21] Spinal manipulation, massage, and acupuncture have been used to treat the pain associated with various back injuries, but there is little consensus on their degree of effectiveness. [21] [14] [9] Injections: Spinal nerve blocks and epidural injections are options available to alleviate pain and neurological symptoms. [12]
Sharp, stabbing pain in the back, numbness, back spasms, or pain radiating from the lower back into the legs are frequently reported. In addition to physical discomfort, FBS can lead to psychological symptoms such as anxiety, depression, and insomnia. Some individuals may develop a dependence on pain medication due to chronic pain. [6]
In Pakistan, spinal cord injury is more common in males (92.68%) as compared to females in the 20–30 years of age group with a median age of 40 years, although people from 12–70 years of age suffered from spinal cord injury [73] Rates of injury are at their lowest in children, at their highest in the late teens to early twenties, then get ...
Low back pain may be classified based on the signs and symptoms. Diffuse pain that does not change in response to particular movements, and is localized to the lower back without radiating beyond the buttocks , is classified as nonspecific , the most common classification. [ 5 ]
Disc herniation can occur in any disc in the spine, but the two most common forms are lumbar disc herniation and cervical disc herniation. The former is the most common, causing low back pain (lumbago) and often leg pain as well, in which case it is commonly referred to as sciatica. Lumbar disc herniation occurs 15 times more often than ...