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In the ovary, embryonal carcinoma is quite rare, amounting to approximately three percent of ovarian germ cell tumours. The median age at diagnosis is 15 years. Symptoms and signs are varied, and may include sexual precocity and abnormal (increased, reduced or absent) uterine bleeding.
It is the most common testicular tumor in children under three, [2] and is also known as infantile embryonal carcinoma. This age group has a very good prognosis. In contrast to the pure form typical of infants, adult endodermal sinus tumors are often found in combination with other kinds of germ cell tumor, particularly teratoma and embryonal ...
All treatments for CNS tumors have significant risks and side-effects. In cases where tumors are slow growing and do not cause symptoms, it may be preferable to closely watch the patient's condition without any treatment, until new test results or symptoms indicate that the patient's condition has worsened.
A teratoma with malignant transformation is a very rare form of teratoma that may contain elements of somatic malignant tumors such as leukemia, carcinoma, or sarcoma. [35] Of 641 children with pure teratoma, nine developed TMT: [47] five carcinoma, two glioma, and two embryonal carcinoma (here, these last are classified among germ cell tumors).
The usual treatment is surgery. The surgery usually is a fertility-sparing unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. For malignant tumours, the surgery may be radical and usually is followed by adjuvant chemotherapy, sometimes by radiation therapy. In all cases, initial treatment is followed by surveillance.
Safety concerns regarding the long term effects of chemotherapy remains a concern. Side effects of the VAC regimen include nausea, vomiting, liver damage, and immune system suppression. [36] The length and dosing of the chemotherapy is oftentimes on a case-by-case basis based on the person's stage of cancer, site of tumor and age.
Embryonal tumors may be benign or malignant, and include neuroblastomas and Wilms tumors. Also called embryoma. Embryomas have been defined as: "Adult neoplasms expressing one or more embryo-exclusive genes." [citation needed] Embryomas can appear in the lungs. [2] It is not a precise term, and it is not commonly used in modern medical literature.
When embryonal carcinoma cells are cultured at high density, they start to differentiate. [7] By aggregating the cells into an embryonic body, EC cells can also process differentiation. [ 8 ] In P19 cells, addition of non-toxic concentrations of drugs to aggregated embryoid body cells can induce differentiation of P19 cells into specific cell ...