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For a fuel of composition C c H h O o N n, the (higher) heat of combustion is 419 kJ/mol × (c + 0.3 h − 0.5 o) usually to a good approximation (±3%), [2] [3] though it gives poor results for some compounds such as (gaseous) formaldehyde and carbon monoxide, and can be significantly off if o + n > c, such as for glycerine dinitrate, C 3 H 6 ...
For gases, departure from 3 R per mole of atoms is generally due to two factors: (1) failure of the higher quantum-energy-spaced vibration modes in gas molecules to be excited at room temperature, and (2) loss of potential energy degree of freedom for small gas molecules, simply because most of their atoms are not bonded maximally in space to ...
The molar gas constant (also known as the gas constant, universal gas constant, or ideal gas constant) is denoted by the symbol R or R. It is the molar equivalent to the Boltzmann constant , expressed in units of energy per temperature increment per amount of substance , rather than energy per temperature increment per particle .
The SI unit of molar heat capacity heat is joule per kelvin per mole (J/(K⋅mol), J/(K mol), J K −1 mol −1, etc.). Since an increment of temperature of one degree Celsius is the same as an increment of one kelvin, that is the same as joule per degree Celsius per mole (J/(°C⋅mol)).
The standard enthalpy of formation is measured in units of energy per amount of substance, usually stated in kilojoule per mole (kJ mol −1), but also in kilocalorie per mole, joule per mole or kilocalorie per gram (any combination of these units conforming to the energy per mass or amount guideline).
The kilocalorie per mole is a unit to measure an amount of energy per number of molecules, atoms, or other similar particles. It is defined as one kilocalorie of energy (1000 thermochemical gram calories) per one mole of substance. The unit symbol is written kcal/mol or kcal⋅mol −1. As typically measured, one kcal/mol represents a ...
If the amount of substance is measured as a number of moles, one gets the molar heat capacity instead, whose SI unit is joule per kelvin per mole, J⋅mol −1 ⋅K −1. If the amount is taken to be the volume of the sample (as is sometimes done in engineering), one gets the volumetric heat capacity , whose SI unit is joule per kelvin per ...
Energy density is thus commonly expressed in metric units of cal/g, kcal/g, J/g, kJ/g, MJ/kg, cal/mL, kcal/mL, J/mL, or kJ/mL. Energy density measures the energy released when the food is metabolized by a healthy organism when it ingests the food (see food energy for calculation).