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Native American women. Before, and during the colonial period (While the colonial period is generally defined by historians as 1492–1763, in the context of settler colonialism, as scholar Patrick Wolfe says, colonialism is ongoing) [1] of North America, Native American women had a role in society that contrasted with that of the settlers.
In the early Virginia colonies, Native American women were responsible for household tasks and hard labor in the fields. It was normal for Native American women to have more responsibilities than men, as they were viewed as superior to men in certain ways. Powhatan women ( of Pochohontas' tribe) did not eat with the men, and the men had many wives.
The experiences of women during the colonial era varied from colony to colony, but there were some overall patterns. Most of the British settlers were from England and Wales, with smaller numbers from Scotland and Ireland. Groups of families settled together in New England, while families tended to settle independently in the Southern colonies.
Settler colonialism is a logic and structure of displacement by settlers, using colonial rule, over an environment for replacing it and its indigenous peoples with settlements and the society of the settlers.
Historians have paid special attention to the role of women, family, and gender in the colonial South since the social history revolution in the 1970s. [172] [173] [174] Very few women were present in the early Chesapeake colonies. In 1650, estimates put Maryland's total population near 600 with fewer than 200 women present. [175]
Indigenous women and children were forced to do domestic work. Even after slavery was outlawed by the Spanish Empire, and then ex-colonies such as the Mexican and United States governments, those that benefitted from slavery used legal frameworks to avoid enforcement such as vagrancy laws, convict leasing, and debt peonage. [40]
Coloniality of gender examines how colonialism impacts both women and men. [4] Maria Lugones, Yuderkys Espinosa-Miñoso, and Nelson Maldonado-Torres argue that the coloniality of gender aimed at disrupting Indigenous people's connections with each other and the land, asserting that the core idea of European colonialism was exploiting the earth for the benefit of man. [5]
Colonial sexual violence in North America refers to the systems put in place by Europeans through settler colonialism that enforces gender divides, support sexual exploitation, and use patriarchy as a means to control the Indigenous population. [1]