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The tetracyclic antidepressants mianserin and mirtazapine are α 2 blockers, although their efficacy as antidepressants may come from their activity at other receptor sites. [citation needed] Mechanistically, α 2 blockers increase adrenergic, dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmitters and induce insulin secretion, decreasing blood sugar ...
Atipamezole, sold under the brand name Antisedan among others, is a synthetic α 2 adrenergic receptor antagonist used for the reversal of the sedative and analgesic effects of dexmedetomidine and medetomidine in dogs. Its reversal effect works by competing with the sedative for α 2-adrenergic receptors and displacing them.
Xanomeline was licensed to Karuna Therapeutics in 2012 and KarXT was subsequently created as a dual drug formulation by adding trospium. Trospium is a non-brain-penetrant and non-selective muscarinic receptor blocker that may ameliorate the peripheral side effects of xanomeline.
Side effects associated with phentolamine include headache, flushing, and nasal congestion. [23] Benign prostate hyperplasia, a disease in which urinary retention becomes an issue. Alpha-1 blockers can be used, but it can result in side effects such as increased urination and retrograde ejaculation.
Yohimbine is an α 2-adrenergic receptor antagonist, and has been used in a variety of research projects. It is a veterinary drug used to reverse sedation in dogs and deer. While yohimbine behaves as an aphrodisiac in some mammals, it does not do so in humans.
Maropitant (INN; [3] brand name: Cerenia, used as maropitant citrate , is a neurokinin-1 (NK 1) receptor antagonist developed by Zoetis specifically for the treatment of motion sickness and vomiting in dogs. It was approved by the FDA in 2007, for use in dogs [4] [5] and in 2012, for cats. [6]
The ST2 protein has two isoforms and is directly implicated in the progression of cardiac disease: a soluble form (referred to as soluble ST2 or sST2) and a membrane-bound receptor form (referred to as the ST2 receptor or ST2L). When the myocardium is stretched, the ST2 gene is upregulated, increasing the concentration of circulating soluble ...
Oclacitinib lacks the side effects that most JAK inhibitors have in humans; instead, side effects are infrequent, mild, and mostly self-limiting. [13] [14] [16] The most common side effects are gastrointestinal problems (vomiting, diarrhea, and appetite loss) and lethargy. The GI problems can sometimes be alleviated by giving oclacitinib with food.