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Single principle of Pancasila (Asas tunggal Pancasila) was a policy enacted by the New Order regime under President Soeharto starting 1983 compelling political parties and public organisations to declare the national ideology of "Pancasila, as their one and only ideological basis".
The ideal of Pancasila has not effectively translated into a functioning liberal democracy in Indonesia. Instead, Pancasila has become a symbol of Indonesian exceptionalism, embodying the nation's values and identity. Pancasila is open to abuse, which in this case was the invitation to criminalise all kinds of ideologies but Pancasila itself.
It is the revitalisation of Presidential Unit of Pancasila Ideology Development formed in 2017. [1] BPIP is not related with the New Order's era Agency for Development, Education, Implementation of Guidelines for the Appreciation and Practice of Pancasila (Badan Pembinaan Pendidikan Pelaksanaan Pedoman Penghayatan dan Pengamalan Pancasila, BP-7 ...
Robert Michels, the sociologist who devised the iron law of oligarchy. The iron law of oligarchy is a political theory first developed by the German-born Italian sociologist Robert Michels in his 1911 book Political Parties. [1]
Amongst these, the revivalist movements of three leading religious reformers – Shah Wali Allah of Delhi (1702–1763), the Arabian Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab (1703–1792), and the Nigerian Uthman dan Fodio (1755–1816) – are widely regarded as the precursors of the modern-era Pan-Islamist thought.
The International Criminal Court (ICC) is an intergovernmental organization and international tribunal seated in The Hague, Netherlands.It is the first and only permanent international court with jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for the international crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression.
Percentage of liberals (blue) and conservatives (red) in favor of major political proposals in the United States (Pew Research Center, 2021) American political ideologies conventionally align with the left–right political spectrum, with most Americans identifying as conservative, liberal, or moderate.
International humanitarian law (IHL), also referred to as the laws of armed conflict, is the law that regulates the conduct of war (jus in bello). [1] [2] It is a branch of international law that seeks to limit the effects of armed conflict by protecting persons who are not participating in hostilities and by restricting and regulating the means and methods of warfare available to combatants.