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Vitamin K is a family of structurally similar, fat-soluble vitamers found in foods and marketed as dietary supplements. [1] The human body requires vitamin K for post-synthesis modification of certain proteins that are required for blood coagulation ("K" from Danish koagulation, for "coagulation") or for controlling binding of calcium in bones and other tissues. [2]
Osteocalcin, also known as bone gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein (BGLAP), is a small (49-amino-acid [5]) noncollagenous protein hormone found in bone and dentin, first identified as a calcium-binding protein. [6] Because osteocalcin has gla domains, its synthesis is vitamin K2-dependent.
Vitamin K, once activated, is able to add a carboxylic acid group to glutamate residues of certain proteins which assists in correct protein folding. [9] Without active vitamin K, a fetus exposed to warfarin is unable to produce large quantities of clotting and bone growth factors. Without vitamin K, clotting factors II, VII, IX and X are ...
Along these lines, vitamin K is also known to reduce bone fracture rates. Research has shown that low vitamin K intake has been linked to an increased risk of hip fractures in both men and women ...
Vitamin K (phylloquinones, menaquinones, and menadiones) Some sources include a fourteenth, choline. [6] Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Vitamin A acts as a regulator of cell and tissue growth and differentiation. Vitamin D provides a hormone-like function, regulating mineral metabolism for bones and other organs.
The gene gamma-glutamyl carboxylase (GGCX) is dependent on vitamin K. Functional polymorphisms in the gene could attribute to variation in bone metabolism and BMD. [138] Vitamin K2 is also used as a means of treatment for osteoporosis and the polymorphisms of GGCX could explain the individual variation in the response to treatment of vitamin K ...