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2. Reverse osmosis - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_osmosis

   Household RO units use a lot of water because they have low back pressure. Household RO water purifiers typically produce one liter of usable water and 3-25 liters of wastewater. [34] The remainder is discharged, usually into the drain. Because wastewater carries the rejected contaminants, recovering this water is not practical for household ...

3. Reverse osmosis plant - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_osmosis_plant

   Reverse osmosis is a common process to purify or desalinate contaminated water by forcing water through a membrane. Water produced by reverse osmosis may be used for a variety of purposes, including desalination , wastewater treatment , concentration of contaminants, and the reclamation of dissolved minerals. [ 1 ]

4. Water purification - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_purification

   Complete removal of ions from water is possible if the right conditions are met. The water is normally pre-treated with a reverse osmosis unit to remove non-ionic organic contaminants, and with gas transfer membranes to remove carbon dioxide. A water recovery of 99% is possible if the concentrate stream is fed to the RO inlet.

5. Portable water purification - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_water_purification

   Instead of using the static pressure of a water supply line to force the water through the filter, pressure is provided by a hand-operated pump. These devices can generate drinkable water from seawater. The Portable Aqua Unit for Lifesaving (short PAUL) is a portable ultrafiltration-based membrane water filter for humanitarian aid. It allows ...

6. Thin-film composite membrane - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_composite_membrane

   TFC membranes for water treatment are commonly classified as nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. Both types are typically made out of a thin polyamide layer (<200 nm) deposited on top of a polyethersulfone or polysulfone porous layer (about 50 microns) on top of a non-woven fabric support sheet. The three layer configuration ...

7. ERDLator - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ERDLator

   The unit was replaced in 1979 [1] by the Reverse Osmosis Water Purification Unit (ROWPU) ("row-pew"), also developed by a U.S. Army laboratory. Developing water purification systems for military use has led to technological breakthroughs which have benefited the civilian community; the ERDLator was evaluated for technology transfer to the ...