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In calculus, the trapezoidal rule (also known as the trapezoid rule or trapezium rule) [a] is a technique for numerical integration, i.e., approximating the definite integral: (). The trapezoidal rule works by approximating the region under the graph of the function f ( x ) {\displaystyle f(x)} as a trapezoid and calculating its area.
Composite Simpson's 3/8 rule is even less accurate. Integration by Simpson's 1/3 rule can be represented as a weighted average with 2/3 of the value coming from integration by the trapezoidal rule with step h and 1/3 of the value coming from integration by the rectangle rule with step 2h. The accuracy is governed by the second (2h step) term
In mathematics and computational science, Heun's method may refer to the improved [1] or modified Euler's method (that is, the explicit trapezoidal rule [2]), or a similar two-stage Runge–Kutta method. It is named after Karl Heun and is a numerical procedure for solving ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with a given initial value.
In geometry, a trapezoid (/ ˈ t r æ p ə z ɔɪ d /) in North American English, or trapezium (/ t r ə ˈ p iː z i ə m /) in British English, [1] [2] is a quadrilateral that has at least one pair of parallel sides. [3] The parallel sides are called the bases of the trapezoid.
Suppose that we want to solve the differential equation ′ = (,). The trapezoidal rule is given by the formula + = + ((,) + (+, +)), where = + is the step size. [1]This is an implicit method: the value + appears on both sides of the equation, and to actually calculate it, we have to solve an equation which will usually be nonlinear.
Example: Euler method with the trapezoidal rule [ edit ] A simple predictor–corrector method (known as Heun's method ) can be constructed from the Euler method (an explicit method) and the trapezoidal rule (an implicit method).
The Crank–Nicolson stencil for a 1D problem. The Crank–Nicolson method is based on the trapezoidal rule, giving second-order convergence in time.For linear equations, the trapezoidal rule is equivalent to the implicit midpoint method [citation needed] —the simplest example of a Gauss–Legendre implicit Runge–Kutta method—which also has the property of being a geometric integrator.
Middle Riemann sum of x ↦ x 3 over [0, 2] using 4 subintervals. For the midpoint rule, the function is approximated by its values at the midpoints of the subintervals. This gives f(a + Δx/2) for the first subinterval, f(a + 3Δx/2) for the next one, and so on until f(b − Δx/2).