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The issue during the decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire (1828–1908) was to create a military (a security apparatus) that could win wars and bring security to its subjects. That goal took multiple Sultans with multiple reorganizations during this period.
The Tanzimat [a] (Ottoman Turkish: تنظيمات, Turkish: Tanzimat, lit.'Reorganization') was a period of liberal reforms in the Ottoman Empire that began with the Gülhane Edict of 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876.
The modernization of the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century started with the military. In 1826 Sultan Mahmud II abolished the Janissary corps and established the modern Ottoman army. He named them as the Nizam-ı Cedid (New Order). The Ottoman army was also the first institution to hire foreign experts and send its officers for training in ...
Selim, a composer of some talent as well as an advocate of modernization, was inspired to a certain degree by the French Revolution, [1] his efforts at Westernization culminating with a levy for new regular troops in 1805. The reforms, particularly the levy, angered the Janissaries and other conservative elements, who rose up and killed leading ...
The Ottoman Empire was an Islamic state in which the head of the Ottoman state held ... but against religious forces opposed to and fighting modernization and ...
The result was a period of political confusion at a time when the Ottoman Empire's European enemies were rallying together. In 1684 the Habsburgs, Poland–Lithuania, Venice, and the Papacy forged an alliance known as the Holy League to oppose the Ottomans, launching a period of warfare which would last for sixteen years. [124]
The Eastern question encompassed myriad interrelated elements: Ottoman military defeats, Ottoman institutional insolvency, the ongoing Ottoman political and economic modernization programme, the rise of ethno-religious nationalism in its provinces, and Great Power rivalries. [1]
Executed in Istanbul on 17 November 1808 by order of Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II. — Modernization of the Ottoman Empire (1827–1908) 30 Mahmud II: 28 July 1808 – 1 July 1839 (30 years, 338 days) Son of Abdul Hamid I and Nakşidil Sultan. Disbanded the Janissaries in consequence of the Auspicious Incident in 1826. Reigned until his death. 31 ...