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Eumycetoma, also known as Madura foot, [1] [6] is a persistent fungal infection of the skin and the tissues just under the skin, affecting most commonly the feet, although it can occur in hands and other body parts. [5]
In dogs, autoimmune skin diseases are usually not detected until visible symptoms appear, which differs from detection in humans who are able to verbally express their concerns. [2] Genetics , nutrition, and external environmental factors all collectively contribute to increasing the probability an autoimmune skin disease occurring. [ 3 ]
The condition of a dog's skin and coat is also an important indicator of its general health. Skin disorders of dogs vary from acute, self-limiting problems to chronic or long-lasting problems requiring life-time treatment. Skin disorders may be primary or secondary (due to scratching, itch) in nature, making diagnosis complicated.
Since the bacterial form and the fungal form of mycetoma infection of the foot share similar clinical and radiological features, diagnosis can be a challenge. [2] Magnetic resonance imaging is a valuable diagnostic tool. However, its results should be closely correlated with the clinical, laboratory, and pathological findings. [12] [13]
Subcutaneous types include eumycetoma and chromoblastomycosis, which generally affect tissues in and beneath the skin. [1] [7] Systemic fungal infections are more serious and include cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, pneumocystis pneumonia, aspergillosis and mucormycosis. [3] Signs and symptoms range widely. [3]
A dog with degenerative myelopathy often stands with its legs close together and may not correct an unusual foot position due to a lack of conscious proprioception. Canine degenerative myelopathy, also known as chronic degenerative radiculomyelopathy, is an incurable, progressive disease of the canine spinal cord that is similar in many ways to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
A radiological diagnosis may be helpful in elucidating the extent of the disease in terms of bone and soft tissue involvement. Scedosporium-caused eumycetomas have been found to have thick-walled cavities and grains appearing as hyperreflective echoes on scans, while actinomycetomas show fine echoes at the bottom of cavities.
A mature sporangium of a Mucor sp. fungus. Usually, zygomycosis is a disease of the skin, but can also occur in the sinuses or gastrointestinal tract. In humans, it is most prevalent in immunocompromised patients (human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [HIV/AIDS], the elderly, severe combined immunodeficiency [SCID], etc.) and patients with acidosis (i.e., diabetes ...