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In mathematics, a ternary operation is an n-ary operation with n = 3. A ternary operation on a set A takes any given three elements of A and combines them to form a single element of A . In computer science , a ternary operator is an operator that takes three arguments as input and returns one output.
The problem for graphs is NP-complete if the edge lengths are assumed integers. The problem for points on the plane is NP-complete with the discretized Euclidean metric and rectilinear metric. The problem is known to be NP-hard with the (non-discretized) Euclidean metric. [3]: ND22, ND23
The most basic example is the flat Euclidean plane, an idealization of a flat surface in physical space such as a sheet of paper or a chalkboard. On the Euclidean plane, any two points can be joined by a unique straight line along which the distance can be measured.
In mathematics, the "happy ending problem" (so named by Paul Erdős because it led to the marriage of George Szekeres and Esther Klein [1]) is the following statement: Theorem — any set of five points in the plane in general position [ 2 ] has a subset of four points that form the vertices of a convex quadrilateral .
One way of solving the problem involves a geometric divide-and-conquer algorithm.For a given system of points and lines, it is possible to use the theory of epsilon-nets to subdivide the plane, for a given parameter into () triangular subproblems each crossed by a / fraction of the lines and each containing a / fraction of the points.
A planar ternary ring (PTR) or ternary field is special type of ternary system used by Marshall Hall [1] to construct projective planes by means of coordinates. A planar ternary ring is not a ring in the traditional sense, but any field gives a planar ternary ring where the operation T {\displaystyle T} is defined by T ( a , b , c ) = a b + c ...
A line arrangement in the projective plane differs from its Euclidean counterpart in that the two Euclidean rays at either end of a line are replaced by a single edge in the projective plane that connects the leftmost and rightmost vertices on that line, and in that pairs of unbounded Euclidean cells are replaced in the projective plane by ...
Geometry of Complex Numbers is an undergraduate textbook on geometry, whose topics include circles, the complex plane, inversive geometry, and non-Euclidean geometry. It was written by Hans Schwerdtfeger , and originally published in 1962 as Volume 13 of the Mathematical Expositions series of the University of Toronto Press .