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Parametric representation is a very general way to specify a surface, as well as implicit representation. Surfaces that occur in two of the main theorems of vector calculus, Stokes' theorem and the divergence theorem, are frequently given in a parametric form.
where r is a three-dimensional vector. Parametric surfaces A ... Such a parametric equation is called a parametric form of the solution of the system. [10]
A space curve; the vectors T, N, B; and the osculating plane spanned by T and N. In differential geometry, the Frenet–Serret formulas describe the kinematic properties of a particle moving along a differentiable curve in three-dimensional Euclidean space, or the geometric properties of the curve itself irrespective of any motion.
The first fundamental form completely describes the metric properties of a surface. Thus, it enables one to calculate the lengths of curves on the surface and the areas of regions on the surface. The line element ds may be expressed in terms of the coefficients of the first fundamental form as d s 2 = E d u 2 + 2 F d u d v + G d v 2 ...
A parametric C r-curve or a C r-parametrization is a vector-valued function: that is r-times continuously differentiable (that is, the component functions of γ are continuously differentiable), where , {}, and I is a non-empty interval of real numbers.
The second fundamental form of a general parametric surface S is defined as follows. Let r = r(u 1,u 2) be a regular parametrization of a surface in R 3, where r is a smooth vector-valued function of two variables. It is common to denote the partial derivatives of r with respect to u α by r α, α = 1, 2.
Animation of the torsion and the corresponding rotation of the binormal vector. Let r be a space curve parametrized by arc length s and with the unit tangent vector T.If the curvature κ of r at a certain point is not zero then the principal normal vector and the binormal vector at that point are the unit vectors
The Fermat spiral with polar equation = can be converted to the Cartesian coordinates (x, y) by using the standard conversion formulas x = r cos φ and y = r sin φ.Using the polar equation for the spiral to eliminate r from these conversions produces parametric equations for one branch of the curve: