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  2. MapReduce - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MapReduce

    MapReduce is a programming model and an associated implementation for processing and generating big data sets with a parallel and distributed algorithm on a cluster. [1] [2] [3]A MapReduce program is composed of a map procedure, which performs filtering and sorting (such as sorting students by first name into queues, one queue for each name), and a reduce method, which performs a summary ...

  3. Examples of Markov chains - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Examples_of_Markov_chains

    According to the figure, a bull week is followed by another bull week 90% of the time, a bear week 7.5% of the time, and a stagnant week the other 2.5% of the time. Labeling the state space {1 = bull, 2 = bear, 3 = stagnant} the transition matrix for this example is

  4. Klein bottle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klein_bottle

    A two-dimensional representation of the Klein bottle immersed in three-dimensional space. In mathematics, the Klein bottle (/ ˈ k l aɪ n /) is an example of a non-orientable surface; that is, informally, a one-sided surface which, if traveled upon, could be followed back to the point of origin while flipping the traveler upside down.

  5. Mapping cylinder - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapping_cylinder

    One can use the mapping cylinder to construct homotopy colimits: [citation needed] this follows from the general statement that any category with all pushouts and coequalizers has all colimits. That is, given a diagram, replace the maps by cofibrations (using the mapping cylinder) and then take the ordinary pointwise limit (one must take a bit ...

  6. Baire space (set theory) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baire_space_(set_theory)

    From the point of view of descriptive set theory, Baire spaces are more flexible than the real line in the following sense. Because the real line is path-connected, so is every continuous image of a real line. In contrast, every Polish space is the continuous image of Baire space. This difference makes the real line "slightly awkward to use ...

  7. RCFile - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCFile

    RCFile has been adopted in real-world systems for big data analytics. RCFile became the default data placement structure in Facebook's production Hadoop cluster. [ 2 ] By 2010 it was the world's largest Hadoop cluster, [ 3 ] where 40 terabytes compressed data sets are added every day. [ 4 ]

  8. Cylindrical σ-algebra - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylindrical_σ-algebra

    For a product space, the cylinder σ-algebra is the one that is generated by cylinder sets. In the context of a Banach space X , {\displaystyle X,} the cylindrical σ-algebra A ( X , X ′ ) {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {A}}(X,X')} is defined to be the coarsest σ-algebra (that is, the one with the fewest measurable sets) such that every ...

  9. Packing problems - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packing_problems

    For example, it is possible to pack 147 rectangles of size (137,95) in a rectangle of size (1600,1230). Packing different rectangles in a rectangle : The problem of packing multiple rectangles of varying widths and heights in an enclosing rectangle of minimum area (but with no boundaries on the enclosing rectangle's width or height) has an ...