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The Wolff–Kishner reduction is a reaction used in organic chemistry to convert carbonyl functionalities into methylene groups. [1] [2] In the context of complex molecule synthesis, it is most frequently employed to remove a carbonyl group after it has served its synthetic purpose of activating an intermediate in a preceding step.
When derived from hydrazine itself, hydrazones condense with a second equivalent of a carbonyl to give azines: [11] R 2 C=N−NH 2 + R 2 C=O → R 2 C=N−N=CR 2 + H 2 O. Hydrazones are intermediates in the Wolff–Kishner reduction. Hydrazones are reactants in hydrazone iodination, the Shapiro reaction, and the Bamford–Stevens reaction to ...
The Wharton olefin synthesis or the Wharton reaction is a chemical reaction that involves the reduction of α,β-epoxy ketones using hydrazine to give allylic alcohols. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] This reaction, introduced in 1961 by P. S. Wharton, is an extension of the Wolff–Kishner reduction .
Alcohol oxidation is a collection of oxidation reactions in organic chemistry that convert alcohols to aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters. The reaction mainly applies to primary and secondary alcohols. Secondary alcohols form ketones, while primary alcohols form aldehydes or carboxylic acids. [1] A variety of oxidants can be used.
In organic chemistry, aldol reactions are acid- or base-catalyzed reactions of aldehydes or ketones. Aldol addition or aldolization refers to the addition of an enolate or enolation as a nucleophile to a carbonyl moiety as an electrophile. This produces a β-hydroxyaldehyde or β-hydroxyketone.
Under ideal conditions the reaction produces 50% of both the alcohol and the carboxylic acid (it takes two aldehydes to produce one acid and one alcohol). [5] This can be economically viable if the products can be separated and both have a value; the commercial conversion of furfural into furfuryl alcohol and 2-furoic acid is an example of this ...
The following figure shows the reaction mechanism: [2] Reaktionsmechanismus Albright-Goldman-Oxidation. First, dimethyl sulfoxide (1) reacts with acetic anhydride to form a sulfonium ion. It reacts with the primary alcohol in an addition reaction. Furthermore, acetic acid is cleaved, so that intermediate 2 is formed. The latter reacts upon ...
Reactions between aldimines and α-methylene carbonyls are also considered Mannich reactions because these imines form between amines and aldehydes. The reaction is named after Carl Mannich. [2] [3] Scheme 1 – Ammonia or an amine reacts with formaldehyde and an alpha acidic proton of a carbonyl compound to a beta amino carbonyl compound.