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An electromagnetic wave travelling through a medium has a propagation delay determined by the speed of light in that particular medium, or ca. 1 nanosecond per 29.98 centimetres (11.80 in) in a vacuum. An electric signal travelling through a wire has an propagation delay of ca. 1 nanosecond per 15 centimetres (5.9 in). [1]
In signal processing, sampling is the reduction of a continuous-time signal to a discrete-time signal. A common example is the conversion of a sound wave to a sequence of "samples". A sample is a value of the signal at a point in time and/or space; this definition differs from the term's usage in statistics, which refers to a set of such values ...
The means of packet selection for measurement is not specified in RFC 3393, but could, for example, be the packets that had the largest variation in delay in a selected time period. The delay is specified from the start of the packet being transmitted at the source to the start of the packet being received at the destination.
Early delay-line memory systems had capacities of a few thousand bits (although the term "bit" was not in popular use at the time), with recirculation times measured in microseconds. To read or write a particular memory address , it is necessary to wait for the signal representing its value to circulate through the delay line into the electronics.
The phase velocity is the rate at which the phase of the wave propagates in space. The group velocity is the rate at which the wave envelope, i.e. the changes in amplitude, propagates. The wave envelope is the profile of the wave amplitudes; all transverse displacements are bound by the envelope profile.
There are two main types of transmission media: guided media—waves are guided along a solid medium such as a transmission line; unguided media—transmission and reception are achieved by means of an antenna. One of the most common physical media used in networking is copper wire. Copper wire to carry signals to long distances using ...
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