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Susa (/ ˈ s uː s ə / SOO-sə) was an ancient city in the lower Zagros Mountains about 250 km (160 mi) east of the Tigris, between the Karkheh and Dez Rivers in Iran. One of the most important cities of the Ancient Near East, Susa served as the capital of Elam and the winter capital of the Achaemenid Empire, and remained a strategic centre during the Parthian and Sasanian periods.
The map of Achaemenid Empire and the section of the Royal Road noted by Herodotus. The Royal Road was an ancient highway reorganized and rebuilt for trade by Darius the Great, the Achaemenid emperor, in the 5th century BC. [1] Darius I built the road to facilitate rapid communication on the western part of his large empire from Susa to Sardis. [2]
The Achaemenid constructions at Susa are mostly known through the royal inscriptions, which are mostly trilingual—in Old Persian, Elamite, and Babylonian. Unlike the massive number of clay tablets found in Persepolis, only few clay tablets have been found in Susa, despite its important political and economic situation. [1]
The city of Susa itself is one of the oldest in the world dating back to around 4200 BC. Since its founding Susa was known as a central power location for the Elamites and for later Persian dynasties. Susa's power would peak during the Middle Elamite period, when it would be the region's capital. [47]
The Tomb of Daniel (Persian: آرامگاه دانیال نبی) is the traditional burial place of the biblical figure Daniel. [1] Various locations have been named for the site, but the tomb in Susa, in Iran, is the most widely accepted site, it being first mentioned by Benjamin of Tudela, who visited Western Asia between 1160 and 1163.
Achaemenid architecture includes all architectural achievements of the Achaemenid Persians manifesting in construction of spectacular cities used for governance and inhabitation (Persepolis, Susa, Ecbatana), temples made for worship and social gatherings (such as Zoroastrian temples), and mausoleums erected in honor of fallen kings (such as the burial tomb of Cyrus the Great).
From the 15th century BC, Elamite rulers at Susa began using the title "King of Anshan and Susa" (in Akkadian texts, the toponyms are reversed, as "King of Susa and Anshan"), [8] and it seems probable that Anshan and Susa were in fact unified for much of the "Middle Elamite period". The last king to claim this title was Shutruk-Nahhunte II (ca ...
Old Persian [53] A2Hc: 1948 Hamadan Old Persian [54] A2Hd: Hamadan A2Sa: 1849–1852 Susa Old Persian, Elamite, Babylonian [55] A2Sb: 1849–1852 Susa Old Persian, Elamite, Babylonian [56] A2Sc: 1890 Susa Old Persian [57] A2Sd: 1849–1852 Susa Old Persian, Elamite, Babylonian [58] A3Pa: Artaxerxes III 1851–1854 Persepolis Old Persian [59 ...