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The Box–Muller transform, by George Edward Pelham Box and Mervin Edgar Muller, [1] is a random number sampling method for generating pairs of independent, standard, normally distributed (zero expectation, unit variance) random numbers, given a source of uniformly distributed random numbers.
OASIS Open Document Format for Office Applications (OpenDocument) v1.3 Latest ISO/IEC standardised version ISO/IEC IS 29500-1:2012—Office Open XML File Formats [1] ISO/IEC IS 26300-1:2015—Open Document Format for Office Applications (OpenDocument) v1.2 [2] Language type Markup language Markup language XML schema representation
NumPy (pronounced / ˈ n ʌ m p aɪ / NUM-py) is a library for the Python programming language, adding support for large, multi-dimensional arrays and matrices, along with a large collection of high-level mathematical functions to operate on these arrays. [3]
These approaches combine a pseudo-random number generator (often in the form of a block or stream cipher) with an external source of randomness (e.g., mouse movements, delay between keyboard presses etc.). /dev/random – Unix-like systems; CryptGenRandom – Microsoft Windows; Fortuna
Uniform Office Format (UOF; Chinese 标文通, literally "standard text general" [1]), sometimes known as Unified Office Format, is an open standard for office applications developed in China. [2] It includes word processing, presentation, and spreadsheet modules, and is made up of GUI , API , and format specifications.
Dice are an example of a mechanical hardware random number generator. When a cubical die is rolled, a random number from 1 to 6 is obtained. Random number generation is a process by which, often by means of a random number generator (RNG), a sequence of numbers or symbols is generated that cannot be reasonably predicted better than by random chance.
A random sample can be thought of as a set of objects that are chosen randomly. More formally, it is "a sequence of independent, identically distributed (IID) random data points." In other words, the terms random sample and IID are synonymous. In statistics, "random sample" is the typical terminology, but in probability, it is more common to ...
A randomized algorithm is an algorithm that employs a degree of randomness as part of its logic or procedure. The algorithm typically uses uniformly random bits as an auxiliary input to guide its behavior, in the hope of achieving good performance in the "average case" over all possible choices of random determined by the random bits; thus either the running time, or the output (or both) are ...