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The units by which the yield of a crop is usually measured today are kilograms per hectare or bushels per acre. Long-term cereal yields in the United Kingdom were some 500 kg/ha in Medieval times, jumping to 2000 kg/ha in the Industrial Revolution, and jumping again to 8000 kg/ha in the Green Revolution. [1]
Test weight refers to the average weight of a cereal as measured in pounds per bushel (1bu. = 8 gallons or 2150.42 cu. inches). Test weight is an important predictor of milling yield for rice and flour extraction rate for wheat. USDA’s official weight per bushel for the highest grade for major cereals and oilseeds include: wheat and soybeans ...
Watery ripe: first grains have reached half their final size 73: Early milk 75: Medium milk: grain content milky, grains reached final size, still green 77: Late milk 8: Ripening 83: Early dough 85: Soft dough: grain content soft but dry. Fingernail impression not held 87: Hard dough: grain content solid. Fingernail impression held 89
Cereal First Second Third Barley Russia Australia France: Buckwheat Russia China Ukraine: Canary seed Canada Thailand Argentina: Fonio Guinea Nigeria Mali: Corn United States China Brazil: Millet India Niger China: Oat Russia Canada Poland: Quinoa Peru Bolivia Ecuador: Rice India China Bangladesh: Rye Germany Poland Russia: Sorghum
A seed rate of about 100 kg of seed per hectare (2 bushels per acre) is typical, though rates vary considerably depending on crop species, soil conditions, and farmer's preference. Excessive rates can cause the crop to lodge, while too thin a rate will result in poor utilisation of the land, competition with weeds and a reduction in the yield.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, however, has a much higher tolerance for glysphosate in crops, allowing levels ranging from 0.1 to 310 parts per million.
For example, average yields of corn (maize) in the US have increased from around 2.5 tons per hectare (t/ha) (40 bushels per acre) in 1900 to about 9.4 t/ha (150 bushels per acre) in 2001. Similarly, worldwide average wheat yields have increased from less than 1 t/ha in 1900 to more than 2.5 t/ha in 1990.
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