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Urim (אוּרִים ) traditionally has been taken to derive from a root meaning "lights"; these derivations are reflected in the Neqqudot of the Masoretic Text. [3] In consequence, Urim and Thummim has traditionally been translated as "lights and perfections" (by Theodotion, for example), or, by taking the phrase allegorically, as meaning "revelation and truth" or "doctrine and truth."
High Priest of Israel wearing the sacred vestments. The ephod is depicted here in yellow. An ephod (Hebrew: אֵפוֹד, romanized: ʾēp̄ōḏ; / ˈ ɛ f ɒ d / or / ˈ iː f ɒ d /) was a type of apron that, according to the Hebrew Bible, was worn by the High Priest of Israel, an artifact and an object to be revered in ancient Israelite culture, and was closely connected with oracular ...
The description states that the square breastplate was to be formed from one rectangular piece of cloth— 1 ⁄ 3 of a cubit by 2 ⁄ 3 of a cubit, folded so that it formed a pouch to contain the Urim and Thummim. The Hebrew term for the breastplate, חֹשֶׁן (ḥōšen), appears to be named from its appearance; The 19th-century German ...
The earliest source that expands the term "Urim and Thummim" outside the biblical context is a reverse association William W. Phelps made on Hosea 3:4 in July 1832, stating that the children of Israel "were even to do without the Teraphim, [Urim & Thummim, perhaps] or sacred spectacles or declarers."
A baraita explained why the Urim and Thummim noted in Exodus 28:30 were called by those names: The term "Urim" is like the Hebrew word for "lights," and thus it was called "Urim" because it enlightened. The term "Thummim" is like the Hebrew word tam meaning "to be complete," and thus it was called "Thummim" because its predictions were fulfilled.
The priestly robe (Hebrew: מְעִיל, romanized: məʿil), sometimes robe of the ephod (מְעִיל הָאֵפֹוד məʿil hāʾēp̄oḏ), is one of the sacred articles of clothing of the High Priest of Israel. The robe is described in Exodus 28:31-35. It was worn under the ephod. Like all the priestly garments, it was to be made by ...
"Wearing the ephod": here may not refer to the ordinary priestly vestment of white linen (cf. 1 Samuel 2:18), but to the official garment worn only by a high priest, with a breast-plate of gems as well as "Urim and Thummim", used to make inquiry of the Lord. [26] [27]
The term Thummim is like the Hebrew word tam meaning 'to be complete', and thus they called it "Thummim" because its predictions were fulfilled. The Gemara discussed how they used the Urim and Thummim: Rabbi Joḥanan said that the letters of the stones in the breastplate stood out to spell out the answer.