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RSMeans publishes a city cost index table. [3] Construction is a process that consists of the creation, modification, or demolition of facilities, buildings, civil and monumental works, and infrastructure. Construction cost - the total cost to construct a project. This value usually does not include the preplanning, site or right of way ...
The first of the cooling load factors used in this method is the CLTD, or the Cooling Load Temperature Difference. This factor is used to represent the temperature difference between indoor and outdoor air with the inclusion of the heating effects of solar radiation. [1] [5] The second factor is the CLF, or the cooling load factor.
In Singapore the terms plot ratio and gross plot ratio (GPR) are more commonly used. In the United States and Canada, floor space ratio (FSR) and floor area ratio (FAR) are both used. [10] Use ratios are used as a measure of the density of the site being developed. High FAR indicates a dense construction.
The above equation only takes into account the temperature differences and ignores two important parameters, being 1) solar radiative flux; and 2) infrared exchanges from the sky. The concept of T sol-air was thus introduced to enable these parameters to be included within an improved calculation.
Price–sales ratio, P/S ratio, or PSR, is a valuation metric for stocks.It is calculated by dividing the company's market capitalization by the revenue in the most recent year; or, equivalently, divide the per-share price by the per-share revenue.
Also Abrams' water-cement ratio law. A law which states that the strength of a concrete mix is inversely related to the mass ratio of water to cement. As the water content increases, the strength of the concrete decreases. abrasion The process of scuffing, scratching, wearing down, marring, or rubbing away a substance or substrate. It can be intentionally imposed in a controlled process using ...
The difference between this type of contract which is a cost-based contract with lump-sum contract is that in guaranteed maximum price (GMP), if there is any savings resulted from cost under runs, then that would be stipulated price contract, and the contractors will keep the savings obtained from the cost under runs for themselves and there is ...
The PSI was developed based on the AASHO Road Test's present serviceability rating (PSR). AASHO Road Test was a set of experiments carried out by the AASHTO from 1956 to 1961. [ 4 ] Unlike the PSR, which was a ride quality rating that required a panel of observers to ride in a car over the pavement of interest, the PSI does not require a panel ...