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Chemical structure of an LNA monomer an additional bridge bonds the 2' oxygen and the 4' carbon of the pentose. A locked nucleic acid (LNA), also known as bridged nucleic acid (BNA), [1] and often referred to as inaccessible RNA, is a modified RNA nucleotide in which the ribose moiety is modified with an extra bridge connecting the 2' oxygen and 4' carbon.
These A-B intermediate forms adopt the sugar pucker properties and/or the base conformation of both DNA forms. In one study, the characteristic C3'-endo pucker is found on the first three sugars of the DNA strand, while the last three sugars have a C2'-endo pucker, like B-DNA. [2]
The conformation of G is syn, C2'-endo; for C it is anti, C3'-endo. [13] A linear DNA molecule having free ends can rotate, to adjust to changes of various dynamic processes in the cell, by changing how many times the two chains of its double helix twist around each other. Some DNA molecules are circular and are topologically constrained.
L-Ribose Fischer Projection. Ribose is a simple sugar and carbohydrate with molecular formula C 5 H 10 O 5 and the linear-form composition H−(C=O)−(CHOH) 4 −H. The naturally occurring form, d-ribose, is a component of the ribonucleotides from which RNA is built, and so this compound is necessary for coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes.
In organic chemistry, endo–exo isomerism is a special type of stereoisomerism found in organic compounds with a substituent on a bridged ring system. [1] The prefix endo is reserved for the isomer with the substituent located closest, or " syn ", to the longest bridge.
Oxidation of (+)-isoserine (3) by nitrous acid gives (−)-glyceric acid, establishing that (+)-isoserine also has the same absolute configuration. [ 6 ] (+)-Isoserine can be converted by a two-stage process of bromination to (−)-3-bromo-2-hydroxy-propanoic acid ( 4 ) and zinc reduction to give (−)- lactic acid ( 5 ), therefore (−)-lactic ...
Glucal in its preferred half-chair conformation. Glycals can be formed as pyranose (six-membered) or furanose (five-membered) rings, depending on the monosaccharide used as a starting material to synthesize the glycal. Glycals can also be classified as endo-glycals or exo-glycals. A glycal is an endo-glycal when the double bond is within the ring.
The two pathways for homologous recombination in eukaryotes, showing the formation and resolution of Holliday junctions. The Holliday junction is a key intermediate in homologous recombination, a biological process that increases genetic diversity by shifting genes between two chromosomes, as well as site-specific recombination events involving integrases.