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Chloroquine retinopathy is a form of toxic retinopathy (damage of the retina) caused by the drugs chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine, which are sometimes used in the treatment of autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.
Hydroxychloroquine, sold under the brand name Plaquenil among others, is a medication used to prevent and treat malaria in areas where malaria remains sensitive to chloroquine. Other uses include treatment of rheumatoid arthritis , lupus , and porphyria cutanea tarda .
Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine have numerous, potentially serious, side effects, such as retinopathy, hypoglycemia, or life-threatening arrhythmia and cardiomyopathy. [26] Both drugs have extensive interactions with prescription drugs, affecting the therapeutic dose and disease mitigation. [26] [27] Some people have allergic reactions to ...
Serious side effects include problems with vision, muscle damage, seizures, and low blood cell levels. [ 1 ] [ 4 ] Chloroquine is a member of the drug class 4-aminoquinoline . [ 1 ] As an antimalarial, it works against the asexual form of the malaria parasite in the stage of its life cycle within the red blood cell . [ 1 ]
An ocular manifestation of a systemic disease is an eye condition that directly or indirectly results from a disease process in another part of the body. There are many diseases known to cause ocular or visual changes.
Then comes the more characteristically described extreme and sustained upward deviation of the eyes. In addition, the eyes may converge, deviate upward and laterally, or deviate downward. The most frequently reported associated findings are backwards and lateral flexion of the neck, widely opened mouth, tongue protrusion, and ocular pain.