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Communicating local and remote sockets are called socket pairs. Each socket pair is described by a unique 4-tuple consisting of source and destination IP addresses and port numbers, i.e. of local and remote socket addresses. [11] [12] As discussed above, in the TCP case, a socket pair is associated on each end of the connection with a unique 4 ...
listen() is used on the server side, and causes a bound TCP socket to enter listening state. connect() is used on the client side, and assigns a free local port number to a socket. In case of a TCP socket, it causes an attempt to establish a new TCP connection. accept() is used on the server side. It accepts a received incoming attempt to ...
The application first sets up its access to the CAN interface by initialising a socket (much like in TCP/IP communications), then binding that socket to an interface (or all interfaces, if the application so desires). Once bound, the socket can then be used like a UDP socket via read, write, etc... Python added support for SocketCAN in version ...
Scapy is a packet manipulation tool for computer networks, [3] [4] originally written in Python by Philippe Biondi. It can forge or decode packets , send them on the wire, capture them, and match requests and replies.
The communications are usually done over TCP port number 443 (or 80 in the case of unsecured connections), which is beneficial for environments that block non-web Internet connections using a firewall. Additionally, WebSocket enables streams of messages on top of TCP. TCP alone deals with streams of bytes with no inherent concept of a message.
If the data in a single write spans 2n packets, where there are 2n-1 full-sized TCP segments followed by a partial TCP segment, the original Nagle algorithm would withhold the last packet, waiting for either more data to send (to fill the packet), or the ACK for the previous packet (indicating that all the previous packets have left the network).
For an Internet domain socket, data are passed between two connected processes via the transport layer and the Internet Protocol (IP) of the network layer — either TCP/IP or UDP/IP. [16] The protocol parameter should be set to zero for stream and datagram sockets. [2] For raw sockets, the protocol parameter should be set to IPPROTO_RAW. [9]
The TCP checksum is a weak check by modern standards and is normally paired with a CRC integrity check at layer 2, below both TCP and IP, such as is used in PPP or the Ethernet frame. However, introduction of errors in packets between CRC-protected hops is common and the 16-bit TCP checksum catches most of these.